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Bio 189A > Chapter 9 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 Phases of Cell Division

A

mitosis
cytokinesis

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2
Q

5 Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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3
Q

Mitosis is followed by __________ when the cytoplasm splits to form two separate daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

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4
Q

The cytoplasm in late _________ contains ___ centrosomes and each may contain a pair of centrioles

A

interphase
two

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5
Q

Prophase of Mitosis

A

chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus
this initiates the formation of the mitotic spindle

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6
Q

Metaphase

A

nucleus dissolves and the cells’ chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

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7
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

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8
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at the cell poles, the mitotic spindle disassembles, membrane forms around the two sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the splitting of the cytoplasm and separating daughter cells

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10
Q

What is checked at the G1 checkpoint?

A

Growth of the cell and DNA

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11
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

DNA replicates

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12
Q

What is checked at the G2 checkpoint?

A

if DNA was replicated properly and if the cell is growing well enough

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13
Q

What is checked at the M checkpoint?

A

checking to see if the chromosomes are lined up properly for mitosis

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14
Q

Genes in your body can code for ________ that do various functions and there are specific ________ that regulate the cell cycle

A

proteins

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15
Q

Positive Regulators allow

A

moving forward in the cycle

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16
Q

Negative Regulators

A

make processes stop

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17
Q

Two proteins that are involved in positive regulation

A

cyclin and cdk

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18
Q

G0 is the

A

resting phase

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19
Q

Examples of cells that stay in G0

A

neurons of the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

a type of cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Eukaryotes use mitosis for both _____ and ______

A

growth
repair/regeneration

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22
Q

Prokaryotes use a process called ________________ in which the organism will grow twice its size then split into two genetically identical cells

A

binary fission

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23
Q

True or False: both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis

A

false

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24
Q

Chromosomes in prokaryotes are located in the

A

nucleoid

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25
Q

Chromosomes in eukaryotes are located in the

A

nucleus

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26
Q

Prokaryotes have _____ chromosome

A

one

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27
Q

Eukaryotes have __________ chromosomes

A

multiple

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28
Q

Prokaryote chromosome has more of a _______ shape

A

circular

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29
Q

Eukaryote chromosomes have more of a ________ shape

A

linear

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30
Q

Somatic cells are _____ cells

A

body

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31
Q

Examples of somatic cells

A

skin, liver, brain, blood, etc

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32
Q

Gametes are ____ cells

A

sex cells/ reproductive cells

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33
Q

Examples of gametes

A

sperm/ egg cells

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34
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of DNA and structural proteins

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35
Q

Chromosome

A

condensed chromatin visible under a light microscope

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36
Q

When a cell prepares to divide, each chromosome replicates resulting in two identical DNA molecules called

A

sister chromatids

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37
Q

Sister chromatids join at a constriction called

A

centromere

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38
Q

In nondividing cells, each chromosome consists of ___ molecules of DNA

A

one

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39
Q

True or False: the number of chromosomes is the same in all species of eukaryotes

A

false

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40
Q

True or False: the cell spends most of its cycle in the mitotic phase

A

false

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41
Q

True or False: the S phase produces two identical copies of cell’s DNA content

A

true

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42
Q

True or False: chromosomes observed during G1 phase are duplicated

A

false

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43
Q

True or False: chromosomes observed during G2 phase are duplicated

A

true

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44
Q

G1 Phase Description

A

growth, intense metabolic activities

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45
Q

S Phase Description

A

synthesis, or replication of DNA

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46
Q

G2 Phase Description

A

cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles

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47
Q

M Phase Description

A

cell division

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48
Q

Animal Cells form a _______________ using a contractile ring of _____________

A

cleavage furrow
microfilaments

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49
Q
A

Cleavage Furrow

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50
Q

Plant cells fuse vesicles with cell wall material to form a ____ ______

A

cell plate

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51
Q

True or False: after mitosis, each daughter cell has twice as much DNA as the parent cell

A

false

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52
Q

Number of Chromosomes in Cell Before Interphase

A

46

53
Q

Number of DNA Molecules in Cell Before Interphase

A

46

54
Q

Number of Chromosomes in Cell After Interphase

A

46

55
Q

Number of DNA Molecules in Cell After Interphase

A

92

56
Q

Number of Chromosomes in Cell After Mitosis

A

46

57
Q

Number of DNA Molecules in Cell After Mitosis

A

4

58
Q

True or False: in the daughter cells produced by mitosis, each chromosome, formerly a sister chromatid, consists of one DNA molecule

A

true

59
Q

True or False: human nerve and muscle cells are examples of cells that commonly pass the G1 checkpoint and continue on to cell division

A

false

60
Q

Growth Factor

A

protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

61
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

to divide, most tissue cells must be attached to substratum

62
Q

Density- Dependent Inhibition

A

cells will stop dividing if the cells are too crowded

63
Q

True or False: Healthy cells stop dividing after they create a single layer due to a process known as anchorage dependence

A

true

64
Q

When the cell cycle fails, cells continuously divide and never differentiate. Resulting cells are abnormal and form a mass called a

A

tumor

65
Q

Tumors do not exhibit _____________________ and or ______________________

A

anchorage dependence
density-dependent inhibition

66
Q

process where a normal body cell is converted to a cancerous cell

A

transformation

67
Q

Benign Tumor

A

abnormal cells remain at the original site

68
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

cells invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize

69
Q

True or False: malignant cells have no anchorage dependence and can travel through the blood and lymphatic vessels

A

true

70
Q

You would be unlikely to see which of the following human cells dividing?

A

nerve cell

71
Q

Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells __________.

A

do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition

72
Q

If a human somatic cell is in metaphase, it has __________ chromatids.

A

92

73
Q

A cell biologist carefully measured the quantity of DNA in grasshopper cells growing in cell culture. Cells examined during the G2 phase of the cell cycle each contained 200 units of DNA. What would be the amount of DNA at G1 of the cell cycle in a daughter cell of one of these cells?

A

100 units

74
Q

You would know a dividing cell was a plant cell rather than an animal cell if you saw that __________.

A

it had formed a cell plate

75
Q

Sister chromatids are __________.

A

identical copies of a chromosome

76
Q

Which of the following processes does not occur in dividing bacteria?

A

Mitosis

76
Q

The person credited with the axiom, “Every cell from a cell” is __________.

A

Rudolf Virchow

77
Q

The function of mitosis and cytokinesis is to produce daughter cells that __________.

A

are genetically identical to the parent cell

78
Q

Assume that you are dealing with a species in which the number of chromosomes in each somatic cell is 14. How many sister chromatids are present in the early telophase of mitosis?

A

0

79
Q

Tissue culture experiments with PDGF demonstrate that without this substance __________.

A

fibroblasts fail to divide

80
Q

One event occurring during prophase is __________.

A

the beginning of the formation of a mitotic spindle

81
Q

During binary fission of a bacterium, __________.

A

origins of replication move apart

82
Q

Which of the following represents a mismatch or incorrect description?

A

Metaphase: the nuclear envelope disappears

83
Q

In a human skin cell that is going through the cell cycle, when do the centrosomes separate?

A

Prophase

84
Q

Which of the following does not occur during mitosis?

A

Duplication of chromosomes

84
Q

Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a somatic cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present in the cell’s nucleus?

A

94

85
Q

A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled __________.

A

between the G1 and G2 phases

86
Q

When not engaged in the processes leading to cell division, how many chromosomes from your mother are present in the nucleus of each of your somatic cells?

A

23

86
Q

The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called __________.

A

chromatin

87
Q

During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is __________.

A

dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin

88
Q

Label The Cell Cycle Diagram

A

a: G2 phase
b: G1 phase
c: interphase
d: S phase
e: mitotic ( M) phase
f: mitosis
g: cytokinesis

88
Q

The cleavage furrow forms during which stage of mitosis and cell division of an animal cell?

A

cytokinesis

89
Q

Label the Diagram

A

a: mitotic spindle forming
b: sister chromatids centered
c: chromosomes separating
d: nuclear envelopes forming
e: interphase
f: prophase
g: metaphase
h: anaphase
i: telophase and cytokenesis

90
Q

True or false: Mitosis takes place during M phase of the cell cycle, which is longer than interphase.

A

false

90
Q

A certain species of animal has six pairs of chromosomes. How many DNA molecules are present in the nuclei of these animals during G2 phase?

A

24

91
Q

Which of the following checkpoints does not occur late in G1?

A

A check that chromosome replication has been successfully completed

92
Q

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

A

The chromosomes must be duplicated.

93
Q

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

A

prophase

94
Q

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

95
Q

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

96
Q

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

A

Telophase

97
Q

. DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, called
___________ which separate during mitosis.

A

sister chromatids

97
Q

After chromosomes condense, the _________
is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other.

A

centromere (s)

98
Q

During mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the

A

kinetochore(s)

99
Q

In dividing cells, most of the cell’s growth occurs during

A

interphase

100
Q

The _____________ is a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division

A

mitotic spindle(s)

101
Q

During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein is dispersed form called ________

A

chromatin

102
Q

In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by ___________, when the rest of the cell divides

A

cytokinesis

103
Q

The ___________ are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis

A

centrosome(s)

104
Q

Label the Diagram

A

a: non-dividing cells exit cell cycle
b: at this point, cell commits to go through the cycle
c: DNA replicates
d: two centrosomes have formed
e: mitotic spindle begins to form
f: cell divides, forming two daughter cells

105
Q

Are sister chromatids present in G1 phase?

A

no

106
Q

Are sister chromatids present in the S phase?

A

yes

107
Q

Are sister chromatids present in G2 phase?

A

yes

108
Q

Are sister chromatids present at the beginning of M phase?

A

yes

109
Q

Are sister chromatids present at the end of M phase?

A

no

110
Q

Is DNA condensed in G1 phase?

A

no

111
Q

Is DNA condensed in the S phase?

A

no

112
Q

Is DNA condensed in the G2 phase?

A

no

113
Q

Is DNA condensed in the beginning of the M phase?

A

yes

114
Q

Is DNA condensed at the end of the M phase?

A

yes

115
Q

Does the cell contain twice as much DNA in the S phase as it did in the G1 phase?

A

yes

116
Q

Does the cell contain twice as much DNA in the G2 phase as it did in the G1 phase?

A

yes

117
Q

Does the cell contain twice as much DNA at the beginning of the M phase as it did at the beginning of the G1 phase?

A

yes

118
Q

Explain the relationship between chromosomes and sister chromatids

A

Sister chromatids are joined identical copies of a duplicated chromosome

119
Q

When considering all 46 chromosomes, how many sister chromatids are there total in a human cell immediately after interphase?

A

92

120
Q

The chromosome is composed of?

A

two double stranded DNA molecules

121
Q

Which statements does NOT accurately describe the initial stage of the cell cycle that would most likely be disrupted if animal cells were treated with specific chemicals?

A

cytokinesis would be disrupted by a chemical that interferes with the formation of the contractile ring of microtubules that deepen the cleavage furrow

122
Q

One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells

A

are always in the M phase of the cell cycle

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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