Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the benefit of the microscope?
A
view cells when they are still alive
2
Q
Light Microscopy
A
uses nothing higher than the wavelength of life to see specimens
-can only see live cells
3
Q
Electron Microscopy
A
uses a shorter wavelength
-can’t see live cells
4
Q
Surface Electron Microscopy
A
shows surface of the cell
3D images
5
Q
Transmission Electron Microscopy
A
shows internal structure
2D images
6
Q
True or False: Prokaryotes are always unicellular, but eukaryotes can be either unicellular or muticellular
A
true
7
Q
Are eukaryotic cells relatively smaller or larger in size than prokaryotic cells?
A
larger
8
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?
A
no
9
Q
Do prokaryotic cells contain DNA in the nucleus?
A
yes in the nucleotoid region
10
Q
Do prokaryotic cells contain cytosol?
A
yes
11
Q
Do prokaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane?
A
yes
12
Q
Do prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes?
A
yes
13
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have a cell wall?
A
yes
14
Q
Do eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?
A
yes
15
Q
Do eukaryotic cells have a nucelus?
A
yes
16
Q
Do eukaryotic cells contain cytosol?
A
yes
17
Q
Do eukaryotic cells contain plasma membrane?
A
yes
18
Q
Do eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes?
A
yes
19
Q
Do animal cells contain cell walls?
A
no
20
Q
What are plant cell walls made of?
A
cellulose
21
Q
What are fungi cell walls made of?
A
chitin
22
Q
Phospholipid bilayer maintains intracellular environment and is selectively permeable, controls what enters or exits cells
A
plasma membrane
23
Q
stores/protects cell’s genetic information, contains chromosomes, nucleolous makes ribosomes subunits
A
nucleus
24
Q
associated with ribosomes, helps with protein synthesis and processing, adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins
A
rough endoplasmic reticulum
25
processes and packages proteins and lipid molecules from ER
golgi apparatus
26
two subunits composed of ribosomal RNAs and proteins perform protein synthesis
ribosome
27
powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP via cellular respiration
mitochondria
28
synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs/toxins, stores calcium
smooth er
29
uses oxidative enzymes inside single membrane to form and then dispose of toxic hydrogen peroxide
perosisome
30
Where are lysosomes ONLY found?
in animal cells
31
Where are centrosome w/centrioles ONLY found?
in animal cells
32
use hydrolytic enzymes in membrane sac to do intracellular digestion and recycling
lysosomes
33
( IN PLANTS) composed of polysaccharides ( including cellulose) and proteins, is external to plasma membrane; protects and maintains cell shape
cell wall
34
converts solar to chemical energy via photosynthesis
chloroplasts
35
storage of water, ions, pigments, role in cell growth and turgor pressure
central vacoule
36
Where is a central vacoule ONLY found?
in plants
37
plasma membrane
38
lysosome
39
Centrosome and Centrioles
40
Cell Wall
41
central vacuole
42
True or False: Plant cells carry out BOTH cellular respiration and photosynthesis
true
43
(Blank) gave rise to the (blank) system
MEMBRANE INFOLDING gave rise to the ENDOMEMBRANE system
44
The endomembrane system consists of
-nuclear envelope
-rough/smooth er
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes and vacuoles ( in plants)
45
What theory says that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?
the endosymbiosis theory
46
-both organelles have double membrane
-contain own ribosomes
-have circular DNA molecule
-can reproduce independently inside the cell
Hypothesis for Endosymbiosis Theory
47
Microtubles are described as
hollow tubes
48
Microtubules Subunit
tubulin
49
-highway for vesicles and organelles
-flagella ( in sperm cells)
-cilia ( in respiratory tract and uterine tubes)
-cell division
-form spindle fibers for chromosome movement
Micotubules Function
50
Microfilaments are Described as
intertwined actin filaments
51
Microfilaments Subunit
actin
52
-muscle contraction
-amoeboid movement
-cytoplasmic streaming
-microvilli movements
-form cleavage furro for cytokinesis in animal cells
Functions of Microfilaments
53
Intermediate Cells are Described as
fibrous
54
Intermediate Cell Subunits
keratin
55
Intermediate Cell Subunits
-anchor organelles
-nuclear lamina formation
56
Bacteria+Archae=
Prokaryotic
57
surface appendages that allow bacteria to stick to a surface
Fimbriae
57
selective barrier, allowing the passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes
Plasma Membrane
58
rigid structure outside the plasma membrane that surrounds, supports and protects the cell
Cell Wall
59
houses the cell's DNA containing the genes that control the cell
Nucleoid Region
60
where proteins are synthesized
Ribosomes
61
sticky, jelly-like protective layer outside the cell wall
Capsule
62
sticky, jelly-like protective layer outside the cell wall
Flagella
63
Ringworm is an example of
fungus
64
-all organisms are composed of one or more cells and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells
-cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms
-cells arise only by division of a perviously existing cell
Cell Theory in its Modern Form
65
If you want to observe amoebid movement, what type of microscope would you use?
light microscope
66
Name all of the structures of this prokaryotic cell
-plasma membrane
-nucleus
-rough endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-ribosome
-mitochondria
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum
67
-double membrane
-contain own ribosomes and circular DNA
-grow/reproduce independently inside cells
What are the similarities do mitochondria and chloroplasts have with bacteria
68
surrounded by nuclear envelope ( double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores; nuclear envelope continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus Structure
69
houses chromosomes, which are made of chromatin ( DNA and proteins); contains nucleoli, where ribsomal subunits are made; pores regulate entry and exit of materials
Nucleus Function
70
two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER
Ribosome Function
71
protein synthesis
Ribosome Function
72
extensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure
73
smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, CA2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and proteins
rough ER: aids in the synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins to maky glycoproteins; produces new membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
74
stacks of flattened membranous sacs; has polarity
Golgi Apparatus Structure
75
modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles
Golgi Apparatus Function
76
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes ( in animal cells)
Lysosome Structure
77
breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling
Lysosome Function
78
large membrane bounded vesicle
Vacuole Structure
79
digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, plant cell growth and protection
Vacuole Function
80
bounded by double membrane; inner membrane has infoldings
Mitochondrion Function
81
-tight junctions
-desmosomes
-gap j junctions
Cell Junctions in Animal Cells
82
-finger-like projections
-important in the trachea to capture and remove contaminants like pathogens, dust, and mucus
Cilia
83
-digestive organelle found in animals with many enzymes for degradation
-important for macrophages to digest pathogens
Lysosomes
84
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-simple squamous epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
-simple cubodial epithelium
-stratified squamous epithelium
Epithelial tissue
85
the type of respiratory epithelium found in the linings of the trachea as well as other respiratory tract
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium
86
typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue
Simple Squamous Epithelium
87
found in the digestive tract and uterus and is responsible for absorption and secretion
Simple Columnar Epithelium
88
found in the kidney tubules, glands ( salivary, mammary), liver and is responsible for absorption and secretion
Simple Cubodial Epithelium
89
found on exposed body surfaces and serves as a barrier and protection from the surrounding atmosphere
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
90
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
Muscle Tissue
91
located: between bones
multinucleated: yes
striations: yes
voluntary: yes
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
92
located: heart
multinucleated: NO
striations: yes
voluntary: no
Heart Muscle Tissue
93
located: blood vessels
multinucleated: no
striations: no
voluntary: no
Smooth Muscle Tissue
94
-blood
-adipose
-cartilage
-loose
-bone
-fibrous
Types of Connective Tissue
95
holds skin and organs in place
Loose Connective Tissue
96
forms tendons and ligaments
Fibrous Connective Tissue
97
transports oxygen, help fight pathogens
Blood Tissue
98
structural support, movement and protection
Bone Connective Tissue
99
provides flexible support between bones, forms framework of nose/ears
Cartilage Connective Tissue
100
stores fat
Adipose Connective Tissue
101
holds the cell together
Extracellular Framework
102
Where does mRNA travel with the instructions for making specific proteins?
cytoplasm
103
cell's network of internal membranes
Endomembrane System
104
-tight junctions that join animal cells in multicellular tissues
-contain specialized proteins such as keratin that increases the rigidity of tissues
-zipper like
Desosomes/ Anchoring Junctions
105
join plant cells together; preventing fluid leakage between membranes or allowing the free passage of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells
Plasmodesmata
106
two cells are separated by a small group bonded by small channels which allow water and small molecules to pass; help coordinate the activities of adjacent cells
Gap Junctions
107
In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
eukaryotic cells possess specialized membrane-bounded organelles
108
A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and eventually found in a cell’s plasma membrane. The protein in the plasma membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the
Golgi Apparatus
109
Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?
Motor proteins
110
Which of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?
chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins
111
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they
have no membrane-bounded organelles
112
Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm
113
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
mitochondrion
114
Which of the following correctly compares the extracellular matrix of animal cells to cell walls of plant cells?
Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates
115
Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm
Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true?
116
What category best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Manufacturing
117
Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?
Cilia
118
Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores
The functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?
118
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through
plasmodesmata
119
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to
secrete a lot of protein
120
Which of the following is/are possible site(s) of protein synthesis in a typical eukaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria
121
Which of the following statements correctly describes a common characteristic of cell walls and the cell extracellular matrix?
Both are external to the plasma membrane.
122
Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
123
Which type of cell is likely to have the most mitochondria?
Muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner
124
A dish of animal cells was grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorous. The phosphorous largely ended up in nucleotides inside the actively growing animal cells. In which cellular structure(s) would you predict the majority of the radioactive phosphorous to accumulate?
The nucleus
125
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER—Golgi—vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
126
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
Chloroplast
127
Cell fractionation ......
separates cells into their component parts
128
Your intestine is lined with individual cells that absorb nutrients. No fluids leak between these cells from the interior of the intestine. Why?
The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.
129
Which of the following structures is found in animal cells but not plant cells?
Centrioles
130
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
131
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
132
Cartilage is found
at the ends of bones such as the femur
133
(Blank)
is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
134
Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?
tight junctions
135
The primary role of ______ is to bind animal cells together
desmosomes
136
_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.
gap junctions
137
Which of the following represents the digestion center of the cell responsible for breakdown macromolecules and worn-out organelles?
lysosome
138
A patient enters your office complaining of excessive stiffness and cramps after vigorous exercise. Tests reveal the patient has Brody disease, a muscle disorder characterized by impairment of skeletal muscle relaxation due to the inability of the muscle cells to regulate calcium levels in the cytoplasm. Which organelle is most likely affected in this patient?
smooth ER
139
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
stratified epithelium
140
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
simple columnar epithelium
141
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
142
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal cells
143
Which of the following are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface?
fimbriae
144
What is a function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
145
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
146
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
147
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
148
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
149
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
smooth muscle
150
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
branched
151
_ muscle is attached to bones.
Skeletal
152
A neuron consists of _____.
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
153
Nervous tissue functions _____.
to sense stimuli
