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Bio 189A > Chapter 4 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the benefit of the microscope?

A

view cells when they are still alive

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2
Q

Light Microscopy

A

uses nothing higher than the wavelength of life to see specimens
-can only see live cells

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3
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

uses a shorter wavelength
-can’t see live cells

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4
Q

Surface Electron Microscopy

A

shows surface of the cell
3D images

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5
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

shows internal structure
2D images

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6
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes are always unicellular, but eukaryotes can be either unicellular or muticellular

A

true

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7
Q

Are eukaryotic cells relatively smaller or larger in size than prokaryotic cells?

A

larger

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8
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?

A

no

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9
Q

Do prokaryotic cells contain DNA in the nucleus?

A

yes in the nucleotoid region

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10
Q

Do prokaryotic cells contain cytosol?

A

yes

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11
Q

Do prokaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane?

A

yes

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12
Q

Do prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes?

A

yes

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13
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a cell wall?

A

yes

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14
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?

A

yes

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15
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a nucelus?

A

yes

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16
Q

Do eukaryotic cells contain cytosol?

A

yes

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17
Q

Do eukaryotic cells contain plasma membrane?

A

yes

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18
Q

Do eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes?

A

yes

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19
Q

Do animal cells contain cell walls?

A

no

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20
Q

What are plant cell walls made of?

A

cellulose

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21
Q

What are fungi cell walls made of?

A

chitin

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22
Q

Phospholipid bilayer maintains intracellular environment and is selectively permeable, controls what enters or exits cells

A

plasma membrane

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23
Q

stores/protects cell’s genetic information, contains chromosomes, nucleolous makes ribosomes subunits

A

nucleus

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24
Q

associated with ribosomes, helps with protein synthesis and processing, adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

processes and packages proteins and lipid molecules from ER

A

golgi apparatus

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26
Q

two subunits composed of ribosomal RNAs and proteins perform protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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27
Q

powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP via cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

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28
Q

synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs/toxins, stores calcium

A

smooth er

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29
Q

uses oxidative enzymes inside single membrane to form and then dispose of toxic hydrogen peroxide

A

perosisome

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30
Q

Where are lysosomes ONLY found?

A

in animal cells

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31
Q

Where are centrosome w/centrioles ONLY found?

A

in animal cells

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32
Q

use hydrolytic enzymes in membrane sac to do intracellular digestion and recycling

A

lysosomes

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33
Q

( IN PLANTS) composed of polysaccharides ( including cellulose) and proteins, is external to plasma membrane; protects and maintains cell shape

A

cell wall

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34
Q

converts solar to chemical energy via photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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35
Q

storage of water, ions, pigments, role in cell growth and turgor pressure

A

central vacoule

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36
Q

Where is a central vacoule ONLY found?

A

in plants

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37
Q
A

plasma membrane

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38
Q
A

lysosome

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39
Q
A

Centrosome and Centrioles

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40
Q
A

Cell Wall

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41
Q
A

central vacuole

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42
Q

True or False: Plant cells carry out BOTH cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A

true

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43
Q

(Blank) gave rise to the (blank) system

A

MEMBRANE INFOLDING gave rise to the ENDOMEMBRANE system

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44
Q

The endomembrane system consists of

A

-nuclear envelope
-rough/smooth er
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes and vacuoles ( in plants)

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45
Q

What theory says that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

A

the endosymbiosis theory

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46
Q

-both organelles have double membrane
-contain own ribosomes
-have circular DNA molecule
-can reproduce independently inside the cell

A

Hypothesis for Endosymbiosis Theory

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47
Q

Microtubles are described as

A

hollow tubes

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48
Q

Microtubules Subunit

A

tubulin

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49
Q

-highway for vesicles and organelles
-flagella ( in sperm cells)
-cilia ( in respiratory tract and uterine tubes)
-cell division
-form spindle fibers for chromosome movement

A

Micotubules Function

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50
Q

Microfilaments are Described as

A

intertwined actin filaments

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51
Q

Microfilaments Subunit

A

actin

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52
Q

-muscle contraction
-amoeboid movement
-cytoplasmic streaming
-microvilli movements
-form cleavage furro for cytokinesis in animal cells

A

Functions of Microfilaments

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53
Q

Intermediate Cells are Described as

A

fibrous

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54
Q

Intermediate Cell Subunits

A

keratin

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55
Q

Intermediate Cell Subunits

A

-anchor organelles
-nuclear lamina formation

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56
Q

Bacteria+Archae=

A

Prokaryotic

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57
Q

surface appendages that allow bacteria to stick to a surface

A

Fimbriae

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57
Q

selective barrier, allowing the passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes

A

Plasma Membrane

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58
Q

rigid structure outside the plasma membrane that surrounds, supports and protects the cell

A

Cell Wall

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59
Q

houses the cell’s DNA containing the genes that control the cell

A

Nucleoid Region

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60
Q

where proteins are synthesized

A

Ribosomes

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61
Q

sticky, jelly-like protective layer outside the cell wall

A

Capsule

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62
Q

sticky, jelly-like protective layer outside the cell wall

A

Flagella

63
Q

Ringworm is an example of

A

fungus

64
Q

-all organisms are composed of one or more cells and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells
-cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms
-cells arise only by division of a perviously existing cell

A

Cell Theory in its Modern Form

65
Q

If you want to observe amoebid movement, what type of microscope would you use?

A

light microscope

66
Q

Name all of the structures of this prokaryotic cell

A

-plasma membrane
-nucleus
-rough endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-ribosome
-mitochondria
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

-double membrane
-contain own ribosomes and circular DNA
-grow/reproduce independently inside cells

A

What are the similarities do mitochondria and chloroplasts have with bacteria

68
Q

surrounded by nuclear envelope ( double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores; nuclear envelope continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nucleus Structure

69
Q

houses chromosomes, which are made of chromatin ( DNA and proteins); contains nucleoli, where ribsomal subunits are made; pores regulate entry and exit of materials

A

Nucleus Function

70
Q

two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER

A

Ribosome Function

71
Q

protein synthesis

A

Ribosome Function

72
Q

extensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with nuclear envelope

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

73
Q

smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, CA2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and proteins
rough ER: aids in the synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins to maky glycoproteins; produces new membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

74
Q

stacks of flattened membranous sacs; has polarity

A

Golgi Apparatus Structure

75
Q

modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus Function

76
Q

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes ( in animal cells)

A

Lysosome Structure

77
Q

breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling

A

Lysosome Function

78
Q

large membrane bounded vesicle

A

Vacuole Structure

79
Q

digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, plant cell growth and protection

A

Vacuole Function

80
Q

bounded by double membrane; inner membrane has infoldings

A

Mitochondrion Function

81
Q

-tight junctions
-desmosomes
-gap j junctions

A

Cell Junctions in Animal Cells

82
Q

-finger-like projections
-important in the trachea to capture and remove contaminants like pathogens, dust, and mucus

A

Cilia

83
Q

-digestive organelle found in animals with many enzymes for degradation
-important for macrophages to digest pathogens

A

Lysosomes

84
Q

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-simple squamous epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
-simple cubodial epithelium
-stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epithelial tissue

85
Q

the type of respiratory epithelium found in the linings of the trachea as well as other respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium

86
Q

typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

87
Q

found in the digestive tract and uterus and is responsible for absorption and secretion

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

88
Q

found in the kidney tubules, glands ( salivary, mammary), liver and is responsible for absorption and secretion

A

Simple Cubodial Epithelium

89
Q

found on exposed body surfaces and serves as a barrier and protection from the surrounding atmosphere

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

90
Q

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle

A

Muscle Tissue

91
Q

located: between bones
multinucleated: yes
striations: yes
voluntary: yes

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

92
Q

located: heart
multinucleated: NO
striations: yes
voluntary: no

A

Heart Muscle Tissue

93
Q

located: blood vessels
multinucleated: no
striations: no
voluntary: no

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

94
Q

-blood
-adipose
-cartilage
-loose
-bone
-fibrous

A

Types of Connective Tissue

95
Q

holds skin and organs in place

A

Loose Connective Tissue

96
Q

forms tendons and ligaments

A

Fibrous Connective Tissue

97
Q

transports oxygen, help fight pathogens

A

Blood Tissue

98
Q

structural support, movement and protection

A

Bone Connective Tissue

99
Q

provides flexible support between bones, forms framework of nose/ears

A

Cartilage Connective Tissue

100
Q

stores fat

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

101
Q

holds the cell together

A

Extracellular Framework

102
Q

Where does mRNA travel with the instructions for making specific proteins?

A

cytoplasm

103
Q

cell’s network of internal membranes

A

Endomembrane System

104
Q

-tight junctions that join animal cells in multicellular tissues
-contain specialized proteins such as keratin that increases the rigidity of tissues
-zipper like

A

Desosomes/ Anchoring Junctions

105
Q

join plant cells together; preventing fluid leakage between membranes or allowing the free passage of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells

A

Plasmodesmata

106
Q

two cells are separated by a small group bonded by small channels which allow water and small molecules to pass; help coordinate the activities of adjacent cells

A

Gap Junctions

107
Q

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic cells possess specialized membrane-bounded organelles

108
Q

A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and eventually found in a cell’s plasma membrane. The protein in the plasma membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the

A

Golgi Apparatus

109
Q

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

A

Motor proteins

110
Q

Which of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins

111
Q

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they

A

have no membrane-bounded organelles

112
Q

Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

A

ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

113
Q

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

A

mitochondrion

114
Q

Which of the following correctly compares the extracellular matrix of animal cells to cell walls of plant cells?

A

Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates

115
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm

A

Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true?

116
Q

What category best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Manufacturing

117
Q

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

A

Cilia

118
Q

Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores

A

The functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

118
Q

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through

A

plasmodesmata

119
Q

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to

A

secrete a lot of protein

120
Q

Which of the following is/are possible site(s) of protein synthesis in a typical eukaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria

121
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes a common characteristic of cell walls and the cell extracellular matrix?

A

Both are external to the plasma membrane.

122
Q

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria

123
Q

Which type of cell is likely to have the most mitochondria?

A

Muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner

124
Q

A dish of animal cells was grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorous. The phosphorous largely ended up in nucleotides inside the actively growing animal cells. In which cellular structure(s) would you predict the majority of the radioactive phosphorous to accumulate?

A

The nucleus

125
Q

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

A

ER—Golgi—vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

126
Q

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?

A

Chloroplast

127
Q

Cell fractionation ……

A

separates cells into their component parts

128
Q

Your intestine is lined with individual cells that absorb nutrients. No fluids leak between these cells from the interior of the intestine. Why?

A

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.

129
Q

Which of the following structures is found in animal cells but not plant cells?

A

Centrioles

130
Q

Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

A

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?

131
Q

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.

A

Which of these describes loose connective tissue?

132
Q

Cartilage is found

A

at the ends of bones such as the femur

133
Q

(Blank)

A

is the connective tissue specialized for transport.

134
Q

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?

A

tight junctions

135
Q

The primary role of ______ is to bind animal cells together

A

desmosomes

136
Q

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.

A

gap junctions

137
Q

Which of the following represents the digestion center of the cell responsible for breakdown macromolecules and worn-out organelles?

A

lysosome

138
Q

A patient enters your office complaining of excessive stiffness and cramps after vigorous exercise. Tests reveal the patient has Brody disease, a muscle disorder characterized by impairment of skeletal muscle relaxation due to the inability of the muscle cells to regulate calcium levels in the cytoplasm. Which organelle is most likely affected in this patient?

A

smooth ER

139
Q

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

A

stratified epithelium

140
Q

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

A

simple columnar epithelium

141
Q

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

A

simple squamous epithelium

142
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

A

simple cuboidal cells

143
Q

Which of the following are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface?

A

fimbriae

144
Q

What is a function of a bacterium’s capsule?

A

protection

145
Q

Where is a bacterial cell’s DNA found?

A

nucleoid region

146
Q

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

A

ribosomes

147
Q

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

A

cell wall

148
Q

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

A

plasma membrane

149
Q

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?

A

smooth muscle

150
Q

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.

A

branched

151
Q

_ muscle is attached to bones.

A

Skeletal

152
Q

A neuron consists of _____.

A

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

153
Q

Nervous tissue functions _____.

A

to sense stimuli

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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