Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 189A > Chapter 3 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A nucleotide is made of which of the following chemical components?

A

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When a protein is denatured why does it lose its functionality?

A

Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der waals interactions that hold the protein in its three dimensional shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

On the basis of the principle of the complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of (blank) in an individual’s DNA to be equal to the percentage of (blank)

A

Adenine, thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are properties of hydrocarbons

A

Hydrophobic, non polar, and a good source of stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

A

C2H4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by

A

Adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and mad cow disease have in common?

A

All have been associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from (blank) must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

A

Six hydrogen and three carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by

A

Ester linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of macromolecules

A

steriods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

At a conference, the speaker’s grand finale was sautéing mealworms in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy because of their exoskeletons contain polysaccharide (blank)

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the following functional groups is present in amino acids

A

-NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component

A

Which of the following is a polymer?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protein molecules are polymer (chains) of

A

Amino acid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can’t the same enzyme break down cellulose?

A

The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded in a different orientation than in starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

A

CH4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are

A

Phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following components of a tossed salads will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least?

A

Cellulose ( in the lettuce)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?

A

Secondary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide called

A

Tertiary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cellulose is a (blank) made of many ( blank)

A

polymer;glucose molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

organic molecules consisting of only carbons and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties

A

Isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name the three different kinds of isomers

A

Structural Isomers
Cis-trans isomers
Enantiomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Structural isomers

A

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many forms of C5H12 exist?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many forms of C18H18 exist?

A

18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

A

Cis-Trans Isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in the shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

A

Enantiomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name all of Functional Groups

A

Hydroxyl Group
Carbonyl Group
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
Sulfhydryl Group
Phosphate Group
Methyl Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

Is polar due to the electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping to dissolve compounds such as sugars
Compound name: alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses
Compound name: ketone or aldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

Acts as an acid ( can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
Compound name: carboxylic acid or organic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Amino Group

A

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution ( water in living organisms)
Compound name: Amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

Two-SH groups can react, forming a “cross link” that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain straightness or curliness of hair
Compound name: Thiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Phosphate Group

A

Contributes negative charge. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
Compound name: Organic phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Methyl Group

A

Affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA or to proteins that bind to DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones
Compound name: Methylated Compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This is an example of which functional group?

A

Hydroxyl Group (OH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This is an example of which functional group?

A

Carbonyl Group (/\C=O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

This is an example of which functional group?

A

Carboxyl Group( COOH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

This is an example of which functional group?

A

Amino group (NH2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This is an example of which functional group?

A

Sulfhydryl group ( SH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

This is an example of which functional group?

A

Phosphate Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

This is an example of which functional group?

A

Methyl Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

ATP

A

an important source of energy for cellular processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked to covalent bonds

A

Polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other

A

Condensation Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

Water molecule is lost when a covalent bond forms between two monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Hydrolysis

A

water is added, covalent bond is broken, and hydrogen and oxygen atoms from water are added to the monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the three organic molecules?

A

Methane
Ethane
Ethene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

This is the molecular formula of which organic molecule?

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

This is the ball-stick model for which organic molecule?

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

This is the space filling model for which organic molecule

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

This is the molecular formula for which organic molecule?

A

Ethane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

C2H6

A

Ethane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

CH4

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

This is the ball stick model for which organic molecule?

A

Ethane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

This is the space filling molecule for which organic molecule

A

Ethane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Carbon is chemically versatile because it is

A

tetravalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How many bonds can Carbon hold?

A

Up to four covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The function of a biological molecule is determined by its….

A

functional groups and its 3D shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q
A

Structural Isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q
A

Cis- Trans Isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q
A

Enantiomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Double Bond

A

2 pairs of electrons shared between carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Monomers

A

a single repeating subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Polymers

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical subunits (monomers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Monosacchrides are NOT…

A

polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

True or False: Carbohydrates are true polymers

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Carbohydrate Polymer

A

Polysacchride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Carbohydrate monomer

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Linear form of glucose molecule

A

aldose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q
A

Aldose Glucose Molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q
A

Glucose Molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Fructose is a

A

Structural Isomer; five ringed sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose+Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose+Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose+Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Bond between monomers

A

Glycosidic Linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

True or False: Lipids are true polymers

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Fat/ oil OR Triaclyglycerol contains

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Phospholipids contain

A

1 glycerol+ 2 fatty acids+ phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What kind of bonds do fatty acids have?

A

double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Do saturated fats contain double bonds?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Do unsaturated fats contain double bonds?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Bond connecting glycerol to fatty avid

A

Ester Linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

4 fused carbon rings with chemical groups attached

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Component of membranes and precursor for steroid hormones ( testosterone and estrogen)

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

True or False: Protein is a true polymer?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What type of polymer is protein?

A

Polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Protein Monomer

A

Amino Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Bond between protein monomers

A

Peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

side chain ( R group) properties

A

Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
Polar (hyrdophilic)
Acidic (charged, -)
Basic (charged, +)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

sequence of amino acids

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

alpha helices& beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding in backbone

A

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

overall 3D structure

A

tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

proteins consisting of two or more polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

True or False: Nucleotide is a true polymer

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Nucleotide polymer name

A

Polynucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Bond of nucleotide monomer

A

Phosphodiester linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

DNA Sugar

A

deoxyribose

106
Q

DNA Nucleotide Bases

A

adenine (A)
thymine (t)
cytosine (c)
guanine (g)

107
Q

DNA is usually…

A

double stranded

108
Q

RNA Sugar

A

ribose

109
Q

RNA Nitrogenous Bases

A

adenine
cytosine
uracil
guanine

110
Q

RNA is usually….

A

single stranded

111
Q

DNA is responsible for

A

storing hereditary information

112
Q

RNA is responsible for

A

needed gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes

113
Q

Cellulos is a

A

polysaccharide

114
Q

Testosterone is a

A

steriod hormone

115
Q

Triaclyglycerol is a

A

fat or oil

116
Q

Glucose is a

A

monosaccharide

117
Q

Maltose is a

A

disaccharide

118
Q

Chitin is a

A

polysaccharide

119
Q

Glycerol is a

A

3 carbon alcohol

120
Q

Starch is a

A

polysaccharide

121
Q

Cholesterol is a

A

steroid

122
Q

Glycogen is a

A

polysaccharide

123
Q

Phospholipid is a

A

lipid made of glycogen, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

124
Q

How many valence electrons can Hydrogen hold?

A

1

125
Q

How many valence electrons can Oxygen hold?

A

2

126
Q

How many valence electrons can Nitrogen hold?

A

3

127
Q

How many valence electrons can Carbon hold?

A

4

128
Q

What kind and how many bonds can Carbon make?

A

4 covalent bonds

129
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Ethane

130
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Propane

131
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Butane

132
Q

How many double bonds does 1-Butene contain?

A

One

133
Q

Which molecule is this?

A

2-Butene

134
Q

How many double bonds does 2-Butene contain?

A

Two

135
Q

What molecule is this?

A

2-Methylpropane

136
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Cyclohexane

137
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Benzene

138
Q

C2H4

A

Ethylene

139
Q

This is the structural formula of?

A

Ethylene

140
Q

This is the 3D model of?

A

Ethylene

141
Q

Which of the functional groups are present in the following molecule?

A

Methyl ( CH3)
Carbonyl (o=c)
Hydroxyl ( OH)

142
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar identical blocks ( monomers)

A

Polymer

143
Q

built vis dehydration reactions
disassembled via hydrolysis reactions

A

How are polymers constructed?

144
Q

Macromolecules are bonded by…

A

glycosodic linkages

145
Q

Which are the macromolecules essential to life?

A

carbohydrates (polymers)
lipids
nucleic acids (polymers)
proteins ( polymers)

146
Q

Monosaccharides in carbohydrates are often…

A

simple sugars

147
Q

Triose

A

three carbon sugar ( C3H8O3)

148
Q

What is the name of this triose example?

A

Glyceraldehyde; an initial breakdown product of glucose in cells

149
Q

What is the name of this triose example?

A

Ribose; a component of RNA

150
Q

Hexoses

A

six-carbon sugars ( C6H12O6)

151
Q

What is the name of this hexose example?

A

Gluose; energy source for organisms

152
Q

What is the name of this hexose example?

A

Fructose; energy source

153
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

when two monosaccharides join via glycosodic linkages through a dehydration reaction

154
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Sucrose

155
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

-storage (starch,glycogen)
-structural support ( cellulose, chitin)

156
Q

Which monomer is this?

A

Chitin

157
Q

forms the exoskeleton of arthropods
used to make strong and flexible surgical thread

A

Functions of Chitin

158
Q

Is chitin bonded by alpha or beta glycosodic linkages during dehydration reactions?

A

Beta-Glycosodic Linkages

159
Q

These are examples of

A

Alpha vs Beta Glycosodic Linkages

160
Q

These are examples of

A

monosaccharide monomers

161
Q

Monosaccharide Examples

A

glucose
fructose

162
Q

Disaccharide Examples

A

lactose
sucrose

163
Q

Polysaccharide Examples

A

cellulose ( plants )
starch ( plants)
glycogen ( animals)
chitin ( animals + fungi )

164
Q

fuel; carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers
-strengthen plant cell walls
-stores glucose for energy
-strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

A

Functions of Carbohydrates

165
Q

NONE are polymers
Very diverse
All hydrophobic; non-polar
fatty acids and glycerol are NOT included
triaclyglycerols store lots of energy

A

Lipids

166
Q

This is a picture of which acid?

A

Palmitic Acid

167
Q

linkage for lipids
carbon bonded to an oxygen

A

Ester Linkage

168
Q

Is this an example of unsaturated or saturated fat?

A

saturated?

169
Q

Structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated fats contain a carbon double bond while saturated fats don’t

170
Q

This is an example of which “cis” isomer

A

Oleic Acid

171
Q

This is an example of which “trans” isomer

A

Elaidic Fatty Acid

172
Q

This is an image of….

A

the phospholipid bilayer

173
Q

Which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophillic?

A

the inside, yellow tails

174
Q

This is an example of of which steroid?

A

estradiol

175
Q

This is an example of which steroid?

A

testosterone

176
Q

This is an example of which steroid?

A

cholesterol

177
Q

This is an example of which lipid?

A

glycerol

178
Q

This is an example of which lipid structure?

A

steroid backbone

179
Q

Triaclyglycerols are

A

glycerol+3 fatty acids

180
Q

Phospholipids are

A

glycerol+phosphate group+2 fatty acids

181
Q

Steroids are

A

four fused rings with attached chemical groups

182
Q

important energy source
component of cell membranes (cholesterol)
signaling molecules that travel through the body (hormones)

A

Lipid Functions

183
Q

Which molecules are formed by dehydration synthesis?

A

complex carbohydrates
nucleic acids
proteins

184
Q

the most diverse group of macromolecules
less than 50% of dry weight of a cell
all are composed of smaller units called amino acids

A

Proteins

185
Q

polymer of amino acids

A

Polypeptide

186
Q

This is an example of the __________ structure

A

primary structure; linear chain of amino acids held together by polypeptide bonds

187
Q

This is an example of ________ structure

A

secondary structure; helix or sheet held together by hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen of the polypeptide backbone

188
Q

This is an example of the ________ structure

A

tertiary structure; the 3D shape that is maintained by chemical interactions and bonds between R groups

189
Q

This is an example of _________ structure

A

quaternary structure; association of two or more polypeptides. Not all proteins have a quaternary structure. Only those with one or more polypeptides

190
Q

hydrogen bonds between an amide hydrogen of one amino acid and a carbonyl oxygen four amino acids away

A

Stabilization of the unique coiled structure of an alpha helix in a protein is mostly attributed to

191
Q

Sickle Cell Disease is proof that….

A

minor change in a primary structure has a profound effect on function

192
Q

function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
example: digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

A

Enzymatic Proteins

193
Q

function: protection against disease
example: antibodies inactivate and help destroy virsuses and bacteria

A

Defensive Proteins

194
Q

function: storage of amino acids
example: casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals

A

Storage Proteins

195
Q

function: transport substances
example: hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes

A

Transport Proteins

196
Q

function: coordination of an organism’s activities
example: insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentration

A

Hormonal Proteins

197
Q

function: response of cell to chemical stimuli
example: receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells

A

Receptor Proteins

198
Q

function: movement
example: responsible for the undulations of cillia and flagella. actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles

A

Contractile and Motor Proteins

199
Q

function: support
example: keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make cacoons and webs

A

Structural Proteins

200
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

polymers of nucleotides
storers and transmitters of genetic information

201
Q

What are the Two Types of Nucleic Acids

A

DNA+RNA

202
Q

Gene

A

section of DNA strand that carries information about one polypeptide

203
Q

ATP
NADPH
NADH
FADH2

A

Non-Polymer Nucleotide Based Organic Molecules

204
Q

1) synthesis of MRNA in the nucleus
2) movement of MRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore
3) synthesis of protein

A

central dogma connection

205
Q

A Single Nucleotide Consists of

A

pentose sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base

206
Q

Phosphodiester Linkage

A

connects nucleotides into a polynucleotide

207
Q

What Kind of Bonds do Carbs Make?

A

glycosodic linkage

208
Q

What Kind of Bonds do Lipids Make?

A

ester linkage

209
Q

What Kind of Bonds do Proteins Make?

A

peptide bond

210
Q

What Kind of Bonds do Nucleic Acids Make?

A

Phosphodiester Bond

211
Q

A (blank) reaction builds polymers from monomers

A

dehydration

212
Q

A (blank) reaction breaks down polymers into monomers

A

hydrolysis

213
Q

A (blank) is a building block of polypeptides, such as the protein hemoglobin

A

amino acid

214
Q

A (blank) is a polymer of amino acids

A

polypeptide

215
Q

A (blank) is a building block of polysaccharides such as starch

A

monosaccharide

216
Q

A (blank) is a polymer of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharide

217
Q

A (blank) is a building block of polynucleotides such as DNA

A

nucleotide

218
Q

A (blank) is a polymer of nucleotides

A

polynucleotide

219
Q

Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of

A

amino acids

220
Q

Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of

A

amino acids

221
Q

Animals store energy in the form of glycogen, a carbohydrate made up of thousands of

A

monosaccharides

222
Q

The nucleic acids of DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are made up of many

A

nucleotides

223
Q

Which is an example of a dehydration reaction?

A

DNA molecules are replicated in a cell by building new DNA molecules in nucleotides

224
Q

Once you eat a cookie, enzymes in your digestive tract begin to break down the cookie into smaller molecules and….

A

-hydrolysis reactions are breaking down the macromolecules in the cookie into smaller molecules
-water is required for the reactions that break molecules in the cookie into smaller molecules

225
Q

Your body contains tens of thousands of different proteins, each with a specific structure and function. The unique three-dimensional shape of each of these diverse proteins is based on several superimposed levels of structure.
Which of the following statements is an accurate description of proteins?

A

the primary structure of a protein is the order of amino acids in a polypeptide, as coded in the DNA of a gene

226
Q

What could happen if a mutation in a gene caused by a hydrophobic amino acid in a polypeptide to be replaced by a hydrophilic amino acid?

A

the new amino acid would not form the same interactions with hydrophobic R groups, and the protein’s shape would likely be affected

227
Q

Which nucleotides are exclusively found in DNA?

A

deoxyribose
thymine

228
Q

Which nucleotides are found in DNA and RNA?

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
phosphate

229
Q

Which nucleotides are exclusively found in RNA?

A

ribose
uracil

230
Q

Which DNA protein is this?

A

Deoxyribose

231
Q

Which DNA nucleotide is this?

A

thymine

232
Q

Which nucleotide is this ?

A

adenine

233
Q

Which nucleotide is this?

A

guanine

234
Q

Which nucelotide is this?

A

cytosine

235
Q

Which nucleotide is this?

A
236
Q

Which RNA protein is this?

A

ribose

237
Q

Which RNA nucleotide is this?

A

Uracil

238
Q

Identify three possible components of a DNA nucleotide

A

deoxyribose,phosphate group, thymine

239
Q

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

phospholipid
cholesterol
RNA
steroids
wax

A

RNA

240
Q

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role

A

as a component of animal cell membranes

241
Q

When two amino acid monomers are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can be joined through a (blank) reaction

A

dehydration

242
Q

Dehydration reactions form

A

peptide bonds

243
Q

If you wanted to show the 3 dimensional shape of a protein, including all of the atoms composing it, you should use a

A

space-filling model

244
Q

If you wanted to show the general shape of a protein, along with some important functional details such as folds and coils, you should use a

A

simplified diagram

245
Q

If you wanted to show the 3-dimsensional shape of a protein, including the backbone structure, folds and coils you should use a

A

ribbon model

246
Q

If you wanted to show a generalized protein in which the focus is on the protein’s function rather than its structure, you should use a

A

simple shape

247
Q

If you wanted to show the 3 dimensional shape of a protein by showing the amino acid side chains and their interactions, you should use a

A

wireframe model

248
Q

To which functional class of proteins does lysozyme belong?

A

enzymatic protein

249
Q

Which characteristics best describe the side chains in the part of the protein in contact with the phospholipid tails of the membrane?

A

non-polar-basic;hydrophilic

250
Q

How many fatty acids are in a phospholipid?

A

2

251
Q

What functional feature does the phosphate group contribute to the structure of a phospholipid?

A

place to attach another small charged molecule
negative charge to interact with water

252
Q

What holds phospholipids together in bilayer formation?

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with water

253
Q

Which molecule is less soluble in water, a fat or phospholipid?

A

A fat molecule is less soluble in water because it has 3 non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has

254
Q

L-dopa is used to treat

A

parkinson’s disease

255
Q

What kind of effect does R-dopa have on parkinson’s disease?

A

at first it makes the symptoms worse, but over the long term it alleviates the symptoms

256
Q

Enantiomers are molecules that

A

are mirror images

257
Q

Cis-trans isomers are molecules that

A

differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond

258
Q

Glycogen is

A

a polysaccharide found in animals

259
Q

Glucose+glucose»

A

maltose+water by hydrolysis reaction

260
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound on earth?

A

cellulose

Bio 189A (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions