Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
A nucleotide is made of which of the following chemical components?
A
A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
2
Q
When a protein is denatured why does it lose its functionality?
A
Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der waals interactions that hold the protein in its three dimensional shape
3
Q
On the basis of the principle of the complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of (blank) in an individual’s DNA to be equal to the percentage of (blank)
A
Adenine, thymine
4
Q
What are properties of hydrocarbons
A
Hydrophobic, non polar, and a good source of stored energy
5
Q
Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
A
C2H4
6
Q
Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by
A
Adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
7
Q
What do Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and mad cow disease have in common?
A
All have been associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins
8
Q
A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from (blank) must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond
A
Six hydrogen and three carbon
9
Q
Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by
A
Ester linkages
10
Q
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of macromolecules
A
steriods
11
Q
At a conference, the speaker’s grand finale was sautéing mealworms in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy because of their exoskeletons contain polysaccharide (blank)
A
Chitin
12
Q
Which of the following functional groups is present in amino acids
A
-NH2
13
Q
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component
A
Which of the following is a polymer?
14
Q
Protein molecules are polymer (chains) of
A
Amino acid molecules
15
Q
Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can’t the same enzyme break down cellulose?
A
The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded in a different orientation than in starch
16
Q
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
A
CH4
17
Q
In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source
A
Starch
18
Q
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are
A
Phospholipids
19
Q
Which of the following components of a tossed salads will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least?
A
Cellulose ( in the lettuce)
20
Q
The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?
A
Secondary structure
21
Q
The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide called
A
Tertiary structure
22
Q
Cellulose is a (blank) made of many ( blank)
A
polymer;glucose molecules
23
Q
organic molecules consisting of only carbons and hydrogen
A
Hydrocarbons
24
Q
compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties
A
Isomers
25
Name the three different kinds of isomers
Structural Isomers
Cis-trans isomers
Enantiomers
26
Structural isomers
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
27
How many forms of C5H12 exist?
3
28
How many forms of C18H18 exist?
18
29
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds
Cis-Trans Isomers
30
isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in the shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
Enantiomers
31
Name all of Functional Groups
Hydroxyl Group
Carbonyl Group
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
Sulfhydryl Group
Phosphate Group
Methyl Group
32
Hydroxyl Group
Is polar due to the electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping to dissolve compounds such as sugars
Compound name: alcohol
33
Carbonyl Group
Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses
Compound name: ketone or aldehyde
34
Carboxyl Group
Acts as an acid ( can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
Compound name: carboxylic acid or organic acid
35
Amino Group
Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution ( water in living organisms)
Compound name: Amine
36
Sulfhydryl Group
Two-SH groups can react, forming a "cross link" that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain straightness or curliness of hair
Compound name: Thiol
37
Phosphate Group
Contributes negative charge. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
Compound name: Organic phosphate
38
Methyl Group
Affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA or to proteins that bind to DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones
Compound name: Methylated Compound
39
This is an example of which functional group?
Hydroxyl Group (OH)
40
This is an example of which functional group?
Carbonyl Group (/\C=O)
41
This is an example of which functional group?
Carboxyl Group( COOH)
42
This is an example of which functional group?
Amino group (NH2)
43
This is an example of which functional group?
Sulfhydryl group ( SH)
44
This is an example of which functional group?
Phosphate Group
45
This is an example of which functional group?
Methyl Group
46
ATP
an important source of energy for cellular processes
47
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked to covalent bonds
Polymer
48
the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
Monomers
49
Enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
50
a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other
Condensation Reaction
51
Dehydration Reaction
Water molecule is lost when a covalent bond forms between two monomers
52
Hydrolysis
water is added, covalent bond is broken, and hydrogen and oxygen atoms from water are added to the monomers
53
What are the three organic molecules?
Methane
Ethane
Ethene
54
This is the molecular formula of which organic molecule?
Methane
55
This is the ball-stick model for which organic molecule?
Methane
56
This is the space filling model for which organic molecule
Methane
57
This is the molecular formula for which organic molecule?
Ethane
58
C2H6
Ethane
59
CH4
Methane
60
This is the ball stick model for which organic molecule?
Ethane
61
This is the space filling molecule for which organic molecule
Ethane
62
Carbon is chemically versatile because it is
tetravalent
63
How many bonds can Carbon hold?
Up to four covalent bonds
64
The function of a biological molecule is determined by its....
functional groups and its 3D shape
65
Structural Isomer
66
Cis- Trans Isomer
67
Enantiomer
68
Double Bond
2 pairs of electrons shared between carbons
69
Monomers
a single repeating subunit
70
Polymers
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical subunits (monomers)
71
Monosacchrides are NOT...
polymers
72
True or False: Carbohydrates are true polymers
Yes
73
Carbohydrate Polymer
Polysacchride
74
Carbohydrate monomer
Glucose
75
Linear form of glucose molecule
aldose
76
Aldose Glucose Molecule
77
Glucose Molecule
78
Fructose is a
Structural Isomer; five ringed sugar
79
Disaccharides
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
80
Maltose
Glucose+Glucose
81
Sucrose
Glucose+Fructose
82
Lactose
Glucose+Galactose
83
Bond between monomers
Glycosidic Linkages
84
True or False: Lipids are true polymers
False
85
Fat/ oil OR Triaclyglycerol contains
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
86
Phospholipids contain
1 glycerol+ 2 fatty acids+ phosphate group
87
What kind of bonds do fatty acids have?
double bonds
88
Do saturated fats contain double bonds?
No
89
Do unsaturated fats contain double bonds?
Yes
90
Bond connecting glycerol to fatty avid
Ester Linkage
91
4 fused carbon rings with chemical groups attached
Steroids
92
Component of membranes and precursor for steroid hormones ( testosterone and estrogen)
Cholesterol
93
True or False: Protein is a true polymer?
True
94
What type of polymer is protein?
Polypeptide
95
Protein Monomer
Amino Acid
96
Bond between protein monomers
Peptide bond
97
side chain ( R group) properties
Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
Polar (hyrdophilic)
Acidic (charged, -)
Basic (charged, +)
98
sequence of amino acids
primary
99
alpha helices& beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding in backbone
secondary
100
overall 3D structure
tertiary
101
proteins consisting of two or more polypeptide chains
Quaternary
102
True or False: Nucleotide is a true polymer
True
103
Nucleotide polymer name
Polynucleotide
104
Bond of nucleotide monomer
Phosphodiester linkage
105
DNA Sugar
deoxyribose
106
DNA Nucleotide Bases
adenine (A)
thymine (t)
cytosine (c)
guanine (g)
107
DNA is usually...
double stranded
108
RNA Sugar
ribose
109
RNA Nitrogenous Bases
adenine
cytosine
uracil
guanine
110
RNA is usually....
single stranded
111
DNA is responsible for
storing hereditary information
112
RNA is responsible for
needed gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes
113
Cellulos is a
polysaccharide
114
Testosterone is a
steriod hormone
115
Triaclyglycerol is a
fat or oil
116
Glucose is a
monosaccharide
117
Maltose is a
disaccharide
118
Chitin is a
polysaccharide
119
Glycerol is a
3 carbon alcohol
120
Starch is a
polysaccharide
121
Cholesterol is a
steroid
122
Glycogen is a
polysaccharide
123
Phospholipid is a
lipid made of glycogen, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
124
How many valence electrons can Hydrogen hold?
1
125
How many valence electrons can Oxygen hold?
2
126
How many valence electrons can Nitrogen hold?
3
127
How many valence electrons can Carbon hold?
4
128
What kind and how many bonds can Carbon make?
4 covalent bonds
129
What molecule is this?
Ethane
130
What molecule is this?
Propane
131
What molecule is this?
Butane
132
How many double bonds does 1-Butene contain?
One
133
Which molecule is this?
2-Butene
134
How many double bonds does 2-Butene contain?
Two
135
What molecule is this?
2-Methylpropane
136
What molecule is this?
Cyclohexane
137
What molecule is this?
Benzene
138
C2H4
Ethylene
139
This is the structural formula of?
Ethylene
140
This is the 3D model of?
Ethylene
141
Which of the functional groups are present in the following molecule?
Methyl ( CH3)
Carbonyl (o=c)
Hydroxyl ( OH)
142
a long molecule consisting of many similar identical blocks ( monomers)
Polymer
143
built vis dehydration reactions
disassembled via hydrolysis reactions
How are polymers constructed?
144
Macromolecules are bonded by...
glycosodic linkages
145
Which are the macromolecules essential to life?
carbohydrates (polymers)
lipids
nucleic acids (polymers)
proteins ( polymers)
146
Monosaccharides in carbohydrates are often...
simple sugars
147
Triose
three carbon sugar ( C3H8O3)
148
What is the name of this triose example?
Glyceraldehyde; an initial breakdown product of glucose in cells
149
What is the name of this triose example?
Ribose; a component of RNA
150
Hexoses
six-carbon sugars ( C6H12O6)
151
What is the name of this hexose example?
Gluose; energy source for organisms
152
What is the name of this hexose example?
Fructose; energy source
153
How are disaccharides formed?
when two monosaccharides join via glycosodic linkages through a dehydration reaction
154
What molecule is this?
Sucrose
155
Function of polysaccharides
-storage (starch,glycogen)
-structural support ( cellulose, chitin)
156
Which monomer is this?
Chitin
157
forms the exoskeleton of arthropods
used to make strong and flexible surgical thread
Functions of Chitin
158
Is chitin bonded by alpha or beta glycosodic linkages during dehydration reactions?
Beta-Glycosodic Linkages
159
These are examples of
Alpha vs Beta Glycosodic Linkages
160
These are examples of
monosaccharide monomers
161
Monosaccharide Examples
glucose
fructose
162
Disaccharide Examples
lactose
sucrose
163
Polysaccharide Examples
cellulose ( plants )
starch ( plants)
glycogen ( animals)
chitin ( animals + fungi )
164
fuel; carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers
-strengthen plant cell walls
-stores glucose for energy
-strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls
Functions of Carbohydrates
165
NONE are polymers
Very diverse
All hydrophobic; non-polar
fatty acids and glycerol are NOT included
triaclyglycerols store lots of energy
Lipids
166
This is a picture of which acid?
Palmitic Acid
167
linkage for lipids
carbon bonded to an oxygen
Ester Linkage
168
Is this an example of unsaturated or saturated fat?
saturated?
169
Structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
unsaturated fats contain a carbon double bond while saturated fats don't
170
This is an example of which "cis" isomer
Oleic Acid
171
This is an example of which "trans" isomer
Elaidic Fatty Acid
172
This is an image of....
the phospholipid bilayer
173
Which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophillic?
the inside, yellow tails
174
This is an example of of which steroid?
estradiol
175
This is an example of which steroid?
testosterone
176
This is an example of which steroid?
cholesterol
177
This is an example of which lipid?
glycerol
178
This is an example of which lipid structure?
steroid backbone
179
Triaclyglycerols are
glycerol+3 fatty acids
180
Phospholipids are
glycerol+phosphate group+2 fatty acids
181
Steroids are
four fused rings with attached chemical groups
182
important energy source
component of cell membranes (cholesterol)
signaling molecules that travel through the body (hormones)
Lipid Functions
183
Which molecules are formed by dehydration synthesis?
complex carbohydrates
nucleic acids
proteins
184
the most diverse group of macromolecules
less than 50% of dry weight of a cell
all are composed of smaller units called amino acids
Proteins
185
polymer of amino acids
Polypeptide
186
This is an example of the __________ structure
primary structure; linear chain of amino acids held together by polypeptide bonds
187
This is an example of ________ structure
secondary structure; helix or sheet held together by hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen of the polypeptide backbone
188
This is an example of the ________ structure
tertiary structure; the 3D shape that is maintained by chemical interactions and bonds between R groups
189
This is an example of _________ structure
quaternary structure; association of two or more polypeptides. Not all proteins have a quaternary structure. Only those with one or more polypeptides
190
hydrogen bonds between an amide hydrogen of one amino acid and a carbonyl oxygen four amino acids away
Stabilization of the unique coiled structure of an alpha helix in a protein is mostly attributed to
191
Sickle Cell Disease is proof that....
minor change in a primary structure has a profound effect on function
192
function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
example: digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
Enzymatic Proteins
193
function: protection against disease
example: antibodies inactivate and help destroy virsuses and bacteria
Defensive Proteins
194
function: storage of amino acids
example: casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals
Storage Proteins
195
function: transport substances
example: hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes
Transport Proteins
196
function: coordination of an organism's activities
example: insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentration
Hormonal Proteins
197
function: response of cell to chemical stimuli
example: receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells
Receptor Proteins
198
function: movement
example: responsible for the undulations of cillia and flagella. actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles
Contractile and Motor Proteins
199
function: support
example: keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make cacoons and webs
Structural Proteins
200
What are Nucleic Acids?
polymers of nucleotides
storers and transmitters of genetic information
201
What are the Two Types of Nucleic Acids
DNA+RNA
202
Gene
section of DNA strand that carries information about one polypeptide
203
ATP
NADPH
NADH
FADH2
Non-Polymer Nucleotide Based Organic Molecules
204
1) synthesis of MRNA in the nucleus
2) movement of MRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore
3) synthesis of protein
central dogma connection
205
A Single Nucleotide Consists of
pentose sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base
206
Phosphodiester Linkage
connects nucleotides into a polynucleotide
207
What Kind of Bonds do Carbs Make?
glycosodic linkage
208
What Kind of Bonds do Lipids Make?
ester linkage
209
What Kind of Bonds do Proteins Make?
peptide bond
210
What Kind of Bonds do Nucleic Acids Make?
Phosphodiester Bond
211
A (blank) reaction builds polymers from monomers
dehydration
212
A (blank) reaction breaks down polymers into monomers
hydrolysis
213
A (blank) is a building block of polypeptides, such as the protein hemoglobin
amino acid
214
A (blank) is a polymer of amino acids
polypeptide
215
A (blank) is a building block of polysaccharides such as starch
monosaccharide
216
A (blank) is a polymer of monosaccharides
polysaccharide
217
A (blank) is a building block of polynucleotides such as DNA
nucleotide
218
A (blank) is a polymer of nucleotides
polynucleotide
219
Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of
amino acids
220
Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of
amino acids
221
Animals store energy in the form of glycogen, a carbohydrate made up of thousands of
monosaccharides
222
The nucleic acids of DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are made up of many
nucleotides
223
Which is an example of a dehydration reaction?
DNA molecules are replicated in a cell by building new DNA molecules in nucleotides
224
Once you eat a cookie, enzymes in your digestive tract begin to break down the cookie into smaller molecules and....
-hydrolysis reactions are breaking down the macromolecules in the cookie into smaller molecules
-water is required for the reactions that break molecules in the cookie into smaller molecules
225
Your body contains tens of thousands of different proteins, each with a specific structure and function. The unique three-dimensional shape of each of these diverse proteins is based on several superimposed levels of structure.
Which of the following statements is an accurate description of proteins?
the primary structure of a protein is the order of amino acids in a polypeptide, as coded in the DNA of a gene
226
What could happen if a mutation in a gene caused by a hydrophobic amino acid in a polypeptide to be replaced by a hydrophilic amino acid?
the new amino acid would not form the same interactions with hydrophobic R groups, and the protein's shape would likely be affected
227
Which nucleotides are exclusively found in DNA?
deoxyribose
thymine
228
Which nucleotides are found in DNA and RNA?
adenine
guanine
cytosine
phosphate
229
Which nucleotides are exclusively found in RNA?
ribose
uracil
230
Which DNA protein is this?
Deoxyribose
231
Which DNA nucleotide is this?
thymine
232
Which nucleotide is this ?
adenine
233
Which nucleotide is this?
guanine
234
Which nucelotide is this?
cytosine
235
Which nucleotide is this?
236
Which RNA protein is this?
ribose
237
Which RNA nucleotide is this?
Uracil
238
Identify three possible components of a DNA nucleotide
deoxyribose,phosphate group, thymine
239
Which of these is NOT a lipid?
phospholipid
cholesterol
RNA
steroids
wax
RNA
240
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role
as a component of animal cell membranes
241
When two amino acid monomers are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can be joined through a (blank) reaction
dehydration
242
Dehydration reactions form
peptide bonds
243
If you wanted to show the 3 dimensional shape of a protein, including all of the atoms composing it, you should use a
space-filling model
244
If you wanted to show the general shape of a protein, along with some important functional details such as folds and coils, you should use a
simplified diagram
245
If you wanted to show the 3-dimsensional shape of a protein, including the backbone structure, folds and coils you should use a
ribbon model
246
If you wanted to show a generalized protein in which the focus is on the protein's function rather than its structure, you should use a
simple shape
247
If you wanted to show the 3 dimensional shape of a protein by showing the amino acid side chains and their interactions, you should use a
wireframe model
248
To which functional class of proteins does lysozyme belong?
enzymatic protein
249
Which characteristics best describe the side chains in the part of the protein in contact with the phospholipid tails of the membrane?
non-polar-basic;hydrophilic
250
How many fatty acids are in a phospholipid?
2
251
What functional feature does the phosphate group contribute to the structure of a phospholipid?
place to attach another small charged molecule
negative charge to interact with water
252
What holds phospholipids together in bilayer formation?
hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with water
253
Which molecule is less soluble in water, a fat or phospholipid?
A fat molecule is less soluble in water because it has 3 non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has
254
L-dopa is used to treat
parkinson's disease
255
What kind of effect does R-dopa have on parkinson's disease?
at first it makes the symptoms worse, but over the long term it alleviates the symptoms
256
Enantiomers are molecules that
are mirror images
257
Cis-trans isomers are molecules that
differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond
258
Glycogen is
a polysaccharide found in animals
259
Glucose+glucose>>
maltose+water by hydrolysis reaction
260
What is the most abundant organic compound on earth?
cellulose
