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Bio 189A > Chapter 7 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Begins the breakdown of glucose, is a series of ten enzyme- catalyzed chemical reactions that can be divided into two main phases

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

some ATP is used to start the process of glucose oxidation
by the end glucose has been split to 2 three carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

Energy Investment Phase

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3
Q

Energy Pay off Phase

A

chemical bonds are broken, and NAD+ picks up electrons and hydrogen ions forming NADH
the energy released is used to attach to phosphate groups
phosphates are transferred to ADP

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4
Q

For each glucose molecule broken down during glycolysis, a net ___ ATPs are formed along with ___ NADH molecules

A

two
two

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5
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

energy fuel is converted to ATP

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6
Q

Process of Glycolysis

A

1) takes place outside of the Mitochondria
2) energy is added and molecule is split into two
3) NAD+ picks up electrons and hydrogen atoms from NADH
4) some ATP is produced but not much

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7
Q

Acetyl CoA Formation

A

1) as the molecule enters the mitochondria, one carbon atom is removed forming CO2
2) electrons are stripped forming NADH
3) coenzyme A attaches to the 2-carbon fragment forming acetyl CoA

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8
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

1) coenzyme A is removed and the remaining 2-carbon skeleton is attached to 4-carbon molecule
2) the 6 carbon molecule is partially broken down, releasing carbon dioxide
3) 2ATPs are produced by the citric acid cycle for each molecule of glucose

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9
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

1) NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain embedded in the inner layer of the mitochondrion
2) electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another in the electron chain
3) the energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creating a higher hydrogen ion concentration
4) hydrogen ions flow across the membrane through a turbine and the flow of hydrogen ions spins the turbine which activates the production of ATP

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10
Q

Equation for Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2&raquo_space;» 6 CO2+ 6H2O+ ATP

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11
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is turned into

A

pyruvate

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12
Q

Net yield of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP molecules
2 NADH

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13
Q

Glycolysis Intermediate Step

A

1) pyruvate transported to mitochondria
2) in mitochondria, pyrvate converted to acetyl CoA
3) CO2 is released

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14
Q

Krebs Cycle Inputs

A

acetyl CoA

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15
Q

Krebs Cycle Outputs

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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16
Q

ATP synthase can make ATP by adding a ________ to ADP

A

phosphate

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17
Q

Electron transport chain makes more ATP than _________ AND _____ _____

A

glycolysis
krebs cycle

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18
Q

If oxygen is not present, pyruvate is metabolized

A

Fermentation

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19
Q

Fermentation oxidizes ____ and regenerates ______ which can take part in glycolysis

A

NADH
NAD+

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20
Q

Net energy gain in fermentation

A

2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose

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21
Q

Fermentation allows

A

ATP to continually be produced in absence of oxygen

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21
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

occurs in yeast results in the production of ethanol and CO2

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22
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

occurs in muscle, results in the production of lactate ( lactic acid)

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23
Q

initiation of carbohydrate and lipid digestion; release water and glycoproteins called mucins

A

salivary glands

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24
Q

secretes molecules required for digestion of fats

A

liver

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25
Q

stores secretions from liver; empties into small intestine

A

gallbladder

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26
Q

secretes enzymes and other materials into small intestine

A

pancreas

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27
Q

where water is absorbed and feces is formed

A

large intestine

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28
Q

propels food particles through the esophagus to the stomach

A

peristalsis

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29
Q

Most of the chemical processing that occurs in the stomach is the digestion of _________ not carbs

A

proteins

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30
Q

The cell lining in the small intestine absorb the ______ that are broken down by ______________

A

sugars
pancreatic amylase

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31
Q

Nutrient absorption depends on the presence of an _______________ gradient that favors the influx of sodium ions into the epithelium of the small intestine

A

electrochemical

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32
Q

____ breaks down protein containing components of the food into individual proteins

A

HCL

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33
Q

HCL _________ proteins, which unfold and separate into long ____________

A

denature
polypeptides

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34
Q

secrete the inactive compound pepsinogen which is converted to the enzyme pepsin by contact with the acidic environment of the stomach

A

chief cells

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35
Q

Pepsin breaks _______ bonds, reducing the long polypeptides to ______ polypeptides

A

peptide
short

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36
Q

produced in the small intestine, activates the pancreatic enzyme trypsinogen, forming trypsin

A

enterokinase

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37
Q

Salivary glands produce _______ which begins to digest fats

A

lipase

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38
Q

secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, contains small lipids called bile salts that emulsify fats

A

bile

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39
Q

Pancreatic lipase breaks up

A

small fat droplets into monoglycerides and fatty acids

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40
Q

Carbohydrates are

A

monosaccharides

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41
Q

Proteins are

A

amino acids

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42
Q

Nucleic acids are

A

nucleotides

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43
Q

Fats are

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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44
Q

Maltose comes from digested

A

starch

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45
Q

____________ secreted by the duodenum breaks down _______, ________, and _________

A

Disaccharides
maltose
sucrose
lactose

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46
Q
A
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47
Q

Gastric Juice contains mostly

A

water
hydrochloric acid
pepsin

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48
Q

Pepsin turns proteins into

A

polypeptides

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49
Q

Protein digestion completes in the _______ intestine

A

small

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50
Q

Name the pancreatic enzymes that digest proteins

A

trypsin
chyrmotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase

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51
Q

In type 1 diabetes

A

beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system and no insulin is produced

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52
Q

In type 2 diabetes

A

the pancreas produces insulin, but target cells do not take up the glucose creating an excess of glucose in the blood

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53
Q

process during which a substance will lose electrons and hydrogen

A

oxidation

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54
Q

process during which a substance will gain electrons and hydrogen

A

reduction

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55
Q

as a result of oxidation, the charge of a substance will become

A

positive

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56
Q

as a result of reduction, the charge of a substance will become

A

negative

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57
Q

A reducing agent is an electron

A

donor

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58
Q

An oxidizing agent is an electron

A

acceptor

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59
Q

Glucose loses electrons in cellular respiration

A

it undergoes oxidation and is the reducing agent

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60
Q

Oxygen gains electrons in cellular respiration

A

it undergoes reduction and is the oxidizing agent

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61
Q

Reactants of cellular respiration

A

glucose and oxygen

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62
Q

Products of cellular respiration

A

CO2, water, ATP

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63
Q

Carbon dioxide in CR results from the oxidation of

A

glucose

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64
Q

Water in CR results from the reduction of

A

oxygen

65
Q

ATP comes from breaking the _______ bonds of organic molecules

A

covalent

66
Q

True or False: it the oxygen atom in )2 gas is radiolabeled, scientists would expect to see these labeled oxygen atoms incorporated into CO2 during cellular respiration reactions

A

false

67
Q

True or False: cellular respiration is an exergonic process, and therefore is anabolic

A

false

68
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

A

NAD

69
Q

Movement of electrons is facilitated by by the electron carrier

A

NADH

70
Q

NADH is a modified derivative of two

A

RNA molecules

71
Q

Types of Phosphorylation

A

substrate level
oxidative

72
Q
A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

73
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
74
Q

an enzyme makes ATP by catalyzing the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

75
Q

redox reactions of the electron transport chain create a hydrogen ion gradient that can power chemiosmosis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

76
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the

A

cytosol of the cell

77
Q

During glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules and releases energy

78
Q

Energy Investment Phase

A

ATP is consumed
glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate was well as G3P and DHAP are isomers

79
Q

Energy Payoff Phase

A

ATP is released
two g3P molecules are oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate
ATP is produced by SLP

80
Q
A

Energy Investment Phase

81
Q
A

Energy Payoff Phase

82
Q

Is oxygen required during glycolysis?

A

no

83
Q

Enzymes that can transfer a phosphate can be classified as

A

kinases

84
Q

Enzymes that can convert between isomers can be classified as

A

isomerases

85
Q

True or False: Fructose 6-phosphate is the intermediate with the most potential energy

A

false

86
Q

Inputs of Glucose

A

1 glucose
2 ATP
4 ADP
2 NAD+

87
Q

Outputs of Glucose

A

2 pyruvate
2 ADP
4 ATP
2 NADH

88
Q

Net of Glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

89
Q

In pyruvate oxidation, the carboxyl group of pyruvate is released as a molecule of

A

CO2

90
Q

In a pyruvate oxidation reaction, pyruvate is __________ to NADH

A

oxidized

91
Q

NAD+ is ________ to acetyl coA

A

reduced

92
Q

Inputs per glucose in pyruvate oxidation

A

2 pyruvate
2 coenzyme A
2 NAD+

93
Q

Outputs per glucose in pyruvate outputs

A

2 acetyl CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH

94
Q
A

Pyruvate Oxidation

95
Q

True or False: If pyruvate oxidation were inhibited, acetyl coA would accumulate

A

false

96
Q

Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the

A

matrix of the mitochondria

97
Q

To break down glucose in the citric acid cycle, it takes ____ turns of the cycle

A

2

98
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Steps

A

coenzyme A chaperones acetyl-CoA to the cycle
the remaining acetyl group is broken down to 2 molecules of CO2
ATP is produced

99
Q

True or False: per one glucose molecule, more electron carriers are reduced or gain electrons, during glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation than during the citric acid cycle

A

false

100
Q

True or False: in the citric acid cycle, two ATP are made per glucose via substrate level phosphorylation

A

true

101
Q

Inputs per glucose in citric acid cycle

A

2 acetyl CoA
6 NAD+
2 FAD
2 ADP

102
Q

Outputs per glucose in citric acid cycle

A

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

103
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation Steps

A

electron transport chain
chemiosmosis

104
Q

Electron Transport Chain Steps

A

when NADH transfers electrons to Complex I it is oxidized to NAD+
when FADH2 transfers electrons to Complex II it is reduced to FA
The final electron acceptor O2, is reduced to H20
Electron transfer causes protein complexes to pump H+ protons into the intermembrane space

105
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

H+ diffuse back from the intermembrane space into the matrix through the ATP synthase
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP

106
Q
A

label

107
Q

The movement of electrons through the ETC are indicated by the _______ arrows

A

yellow

108
Q

When moving from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, the protons move ______their concentration gradient

A

against

109
Q

When moving from intermembrane space to the matrix of the mitochondria, the protons move _____ their concentration gradient

A

down

110
Q

The pH of the intermembrane space becomes more ______ as protons are pumped into it

A

acidic

111
Q

Chemiosmosis is a form of ________ transport

A

passive

112
Q
A

alcohol fermentation

113
Q

Outputs per glucose for alcohol fermentation

A

2 NAD+
2 ethanol/ 2 carbons
2 ATP
2 CO2

114
Q

Which eukaryotes can do this type and are used in brewing, winemaking and baking?

A

yeast

115
Q
A

lactic acid fermentation

116
Q

Outputs per glucose for lactic acid fermentation

A

2 NAD+
2 lactate/ 3 carbons
2 ATP

117
Q

Which organisms carry out lactic fermentation?

A

prokaryotes
animal muscle cells

118
Q

the metabolic pathway common to both types of fermentation is

A

glycolysis

119
Q

fermentation regenerates _____ so that glycolysis can continue

A

NAD+

120
Q

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

A

uses inorganic molecules other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain

121
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

microorganisms that cannot survive in the presence of O2 may be able to carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

122
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

organisms that can survive using fermentation or aerobic respiration

123
Q

Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?

A

The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the pathway.

124
Q

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

The matrix of the mitochondrion

125
Q

During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction?

A

oxygen

126
Q

A molecule becomes oxidized when it __________.

A

loses an electron

127
Q

The overall efficiency of respiration (the percentage of the energy released that is saved in ATP) is approximately __________.

A

34%

128
Q

Most of the ATP produced in aerobic cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

129
Q

When a poison such as cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also eventually stop working. Which of the following is the best explanation for this?

A

NAD+ and FAD are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue.

130
Q

Of the metabolic pathways listed below, which is the most universal metabolic process associated with cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

131
Q

How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen?

A

Four

132
Q

In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced.

A

glucose; oxygen

133
Q

Of the following molecules in the glycolytic pathway (the process of glycolysis), the one with the most chemical energy is __________.

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

134
Q

Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?

A

Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.

135
Q

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.

A

carbon dioxide

136
Q

Molecular oxygen (O2) has what role in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

It is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

137
Q

In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle?

A

Two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2

138
Q

Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following processes?

A

The citric acid cycle

139
Q

After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of __________.

A

NADH

140
Q

In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound following glycolysis?

A

NAD+

141
Q

Which of the following is a correct description and sequence of events in cellular respiration?

A

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-coA; oxidative phosphorylation

142
Q

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the __________.

A

H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase

143
Q

The electron transport chain involved in cellular respiration is located in/on the __________.

A

inner membrane of the mitochondrion

144
Q

Pyruvate is oxidized to

A

CO2

145
Q

NAD+ is reduced to

A

NADH

146
Q

FAD is reduced to

A

FADH2

147
Q

In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction.

A

It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA.

148
Q

Four processed of cellular respiration in order

A

glycolysis> pyruvate processing> citric acid cycle

149
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for nearly all the ATP produced in your body.

A

NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation.

Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur.

Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation.

150
Q

What is being pumped through the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space, as indicated by the green arrows?

A

hydrogen ions

151
Q

Imagine an organism with mutations in complexes I, III, and IV that prevent pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space but still allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of these mutations?

A

ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP.

152
Q

Lactate

A

fermentation in human muscle

153
Q

Ethanol

A

fermentation in yeast and bacteria

154
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

aerobic oxidation

155
Q

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

A

2

156
Q

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

157
Q

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

A

FADH2

158
Q

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?

A

ATP

159
Q

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

A

2

160
Q

In which organisms do cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur?

A

Cellular respiration occurs in both producers and consumers.

161
Q

Plants require specific inputs to carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which of the following statements accurately reflect(s) what plants must take in?

A

Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air

Plants take in both carbon dioxide and oxygen

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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