Chapter 32 Flashcards
1
Q
Pineal Gland
A
produces melatonin
2
Q
Throxine
A
stimulates and maintains metabolic processes and plays a role in development
2
Q
Calcitocin
A
opposes action of parathyroid hormone
2
Q
Thyroid/Parathyroid Gland
A
located at the base of the neck and produces thyroxine (T$4) and calcitonin
2
Q
What do the parathyroids do?
A
produce the parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels
3
Q
Thymus
A
produces thymosin and stimulates development of immune system
4
Q
Adrenal Medulla
A
produces epinephrine and nonepinephrine which triggers human “fight or flight” response
5
Q
Adrenal Cortex
A
produces glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids which are long-term responses to stress
6
Q
Pancreas
A
produces insulin and glucagon which raise and lower blood glucose levels
7
Q
Glucagon
A
the main hormone whose action opposes the action of insulin
8
Q
What happens in type 2 diabetes?
A
cells fail to respond to the insulin hormone
9
Q
Ovaries
A
produce estrogen and progesterone ; helps to promote the growth of the lining of the uterus
10
Q
Estrogen
A
the hormone that promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics
11
Q
Testes
A
produce androgens which are the main male hormones
12
Q
have ducts that carry enzymes or secreted substances into body cavities or to surfaces
A
Exocrine Glands
13
Q
hormones have to go through the blood stream
A
Endocrine Glands
14
Q
Explain how the Endocrine System Works
A
- endocrine cell secretes hormones
- hormones travel through blood vessels
- hormones reach cells that have a receptor for the hormone signal
15
Q
What are three types of stimuli for endocrine hormone secretion?
A
humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli
16
Q
Hormone secretion through the endocrine system
A
are gradual changes that affect the entire body
17
Q
Hormone secretion duration is
A
long term
18
Q
Explain how the Nervous System Works
A
- stimulus causes neuron to transmit nerve impulse along axon to other neurons or receptor cells
- cellular response is limited to cells that connect by specialized junctions to an axon
19
Q
The nervous system is an
A
immediate response to the environment such as reflexes and other rapid movements
20
Q
Nervous system duration is
A
short term
21
Q
Endocrine organs are
A
ductless
22
Name the most important endocrine organs
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal Glands
Ovaries
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pancreas
23
Example of EXOcrine glands
salivary glands
sweat glands
24
Peptide Hormones
water-soluble
hydrophilic
polypeptide
25
Steroid Hormones
lipid soluble
hydrophobic
steroids
26
Amines
synthesized from amino acid tyrosine
water soluble
lipid soluble
27
Water soluble amine
epinephrine
28
Lipid soluble amine
thyroxine
29
What is this?
Adrenaline/ Epinephrine
30
What is this?
Thyroxine (t4)
31
Can water soluble hormones pass through the membrane?
no
32
Can lipid soluble hormones pass through the membrane?
yes
33
Water soluble hormone receptor type
membrane receptor
34
Lipid soluble hormone receptor type
intracellular
35
Water soluble hormone mode of action
multi-step signal transduction pathway
36
Lipid soluble hormone mode of action
hormone receptor complex moves into the nucleus and alters the transcription of genes
37
Negative Feedback
response reduces stimulus; feedback inhibition
38
Positive Feedback
response increases stimulus
39
Simple Endocrine Pathway ( SEP) Stimulus
low pH in the small intestine
40
(SEP) S cells of the duodenum release
secretin which is a peptide hormone
41
Hormones travel through target cells in the
pancreas
42
What is released from the pancreas to raise pH?
bicarbonate ions
43
The simple endocrine pathway is an example of positive or negative feedback?
Negative
44
True or False: The hormone secretin circulates to pancreatic target cells and binds to intracellular receptors
false. The hormone secretin circulates to pancreatic target cells and binds to EXTRACELLULAR receptors
45
Almond-sized region of the brain
hypothalamus
46
Two glands found on the base of the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
47
Anterior Pituitary
endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes its own hormones
48
Posterior Pituitary
extension of hypothalamus, stores and secretes hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
49
True or False: oxytocin is secreted by anterior pituitary gland
false. Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
50
Simple Neuroendocrine pathway stimulus example
suckling
51
Posterior pituitary releases
oxytocin
52
Hormone travels to smooth muscle in
mammary glands
53
This simple neuroendocrine (suckling) pathway is an example of positive or negative feedback?
positive
54
True or False: the stimulus of suckling is detected by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
true
55
Hormone cascade pathway stimulus example
thyroid level drops
56
Neurosecretory cells in they hypothalamus release
TRH- thyroid releasing hormone
57
Anterior pituitary hormone releases
TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
58
Endocrine cells in thyroid gland secrete
T3 and T4
59
Thyroid hormone level returns to normal/ blocks further release of
TRH and TSH
60
T3 and T4 travels to target cells throughout the body to regulate systems such as
digestive and reproductive activity, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone
61
The hormone cascade pathway is an example of a positive or negative feedback system?
negative
62
True or False: both secretin and thyroid hormone require the nervous system to detect a stimulus
false
63
Antiduretic Hormone
nonapeptide
released from posterior pituitary
64
Tropic Hormones
anterior pituitary hormones that often form a cascade
65
Water Soluble Hormones
secretin
oxytocin
ADH
insulin
glucagon
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (T3)
Prolactin
66
Lipid Soluble Hormones
estrogen
androgens
67
Amine Hormones
thyroxine (t4)
Adrenaline
68
Secretin
pancreas releases bicarbonate to raise pH
69
Oxytocin
produced in the posterior pituitary gland and is responsible for the contraction of mammary and uterus cells
70
ADH
produced in the posterior pituitary gland and is responsible for the water retention of the kidneys
71
Insulin
a protein produced by the pancreas and is responsible for the lowering blood glucose levels
72
Glucagon
a amino acid peptide also produced in the pancreas that is responsible for raising blood glucose levels
73
Estrogen
main female hormone that is made in the ovaries and considered to be a steroid
74
Androgens
main male hormones made in the testes and considered to be a steroid
75
Thyroxine (T4)
and amine required for metabolism and growth
76
Adrenaline
made in the adrenal medulla and is the fight or flight hormone
77
Target cells can vary in response to a hormone because they differ in
types of receptors
intracellular proteins activated by binding
78
What type of cells are liver cells
beta cells
79
smooth muscle cell in the wall of the blood vessel that supplies skeletal muscle
Beta Cells
80
smooth muscle cell in wall of blood vessel that supplies intestines
Alpha Cells
81
How does the Beta Cell Receptor Work in Liver Cells?
as an example.....
epinephrine enters the beta cell receptor located OUTSIDE of the cell
the receptor then gives the signal for the glycogen to be turned into glucose and then to be sent out of the cell
blood glucose level increases
82
How does the Beta Cell Receptor Work in Smooth Muscle cells of Skeletal Tissue?
epinephrine enters the beta cell receptor located on the outside of the cell
the cell then changes shape and becomes flatter and longer
blood flow to muscles increases
83
How does the Alpha Cell Receptor Work in Smooth Muscle cells of the Intestines?
epinephrine enters the alpha cell receptor located on the outside of the cell
the cell then shrinks in size and becomes slightly longer
blood flow to intestines decreases
84
Tissues
groups of specialized cells with a similar appearance and a common function
85
Four Main Types of Tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
86
Organization of Nervous System
central nervous system
peripheral system
87
Central Nervous System
includes brain and spinal cord
88
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves outside brain and spinal cord
89
General Function of Nervous Cells
receiving, processing, and transmitting information
90
General Function of Gilial Cells
provide support and protection for neurons
91
Oligidendrocytes are found in the
central nervous system
92
Schwan Cells are found in the
peripheral nervous system
93
True or False: the peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord
false
94
Epithelial Tissue General Function
protection barrier against injury, prevent pathogens from entering the body, and prevent loss of water
95
Epithelial Tissue General Locations
body surfaces
lining body cavities and hallow organs
glands
96
Apical
top side-exposed to exterior air
97
Basal
bottom side attached to extracellular matrix
98
Tissue Classificiation is Based On
number of layers
cell shape
99
One layer
simple
100
Two or More Layers
stratified
101
Cube Shape
cubodial
102
Flat
squamous
103
Column Shaped
columnar
104
Type of Epithelial Tissue
simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple columnar
pseudo-stratified columnar
simple cuboidal
105
Simple Squamous
106
Stratified Squamous
107
Simple Columnar
108
Pseudostratified Columnar
109
Simple Cubodial
110
Simple Squamous Locations
blood vessels
lung alveoli
111
Simple Squamous Function
diffusion
112
Stratified Squamous Locations
exposed body surfaces
113
Stratified Squamous Function
protection/barrier
114
Simple Columnar Locations
digestive tract
uterus
115
Simple Columnar Function
absorption
secretion
116
Pseudostratified Columnar Locations
respiratory tract
117
Pseudostratified Columnar Function
protection of the lungs
118
Simple Cubodial Locations
kidney tubules
salivary glands
mammary glands
liver
119
Simple Cubodial Functions
absorption
secretion
120
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
121
Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
122
Cartilage is found _____
at the ends of bones such as the femur
123
_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
blood
124
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
stratified epithelium
125
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
126
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal cells
127
A neuron consists of _____
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
128
Nervous tissue functions _____
to sense stimuli
