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Bio 189A > Chapter 32 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 32 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pineal Gland

A

produces melatonin

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2
Q

Throxine

A

stimulates and maintains metabolic processes and plays a role in development

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2
Q

Calcitocin

A

opposes action of parathyroid hormone

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2
Q

Thyroid/Parathyroid Gland

A

located at the base of the neck and produces thyroxine (T$4) and calcitonin

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2
Q

What do the parathyroids do?

A

produce the parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels

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3
Q

Thymus

A

produces thymosin and stimulates development of immune system

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4
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

produces epinephrine and nonepinephrine which triggers human “fight or flight” response

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5
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

produces glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids which are long-term responses to stress

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6
Q

Pancreas

A

produces insulin and glucagon which raise and lower blood glucose levels

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7
Q

Glucagon

A

the main hormone whose action opposes the action of insulin

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8
Q

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

A

cells fail to respond to the insulin hormone

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9
Q

Ovaries

A

produce estrogen and progesterone ; helps to promote the growth of the lining of the uterus

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10
Q

Estrogen

A

the hormone that promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics

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11
Q

Testes

A

produce androgens which are the main male hormones

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12
Q

have ducts that carry enzymes or secreted substances into body cavities or to surfaces

A

Exocrine Glands

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13
Q

hormones have to go through the blood stream

A

Endocrine Glands

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14
Q

Explain how the Endocrine System Works

A
  1. endocrine cell secretes hormones
  2. hormones travel through blood vessels
  3. hormones reach cells that have a receptor for the hormone signal
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15
Q

What are three types of stimuli for endocrine hormone secretion?

A

humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli

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16
Q

Hormone secretion through the endocrine system

A

are gradual changes that affect the entire body

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17
Q

Hormone secretion duration is

A

long term

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18
Q

Explain how the Nervous System Works

A
  1. stimulus causes neuron to transmit nerve impulse along axon to other neurons or receptor cells
  2. cellular response is limited to cells that connect by specialized junctions to an axon
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19
Q

The nervous system is an

A

immediate response to the environment such as reflexes and other rapid movements

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20
Q

Nervous system duration is

A

short term

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21
Q

Endocrine organs are

A

ductless

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22
Q

Name the most important endocrine organs

A

Parathyroid glands
Adrenal Glands
Ovaries
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pancreas

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23
Q

Example of EXOcrine glands

A

salivary glands
sweat glands

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24
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

water-soluble
hydrophilic
polypeptide

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25
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

lipid soluble
hydrophobic
steroids

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26
Q

Amines

A

synthesized from amino acid tyrosine
water soluble
lipid soluble

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27
Q

Water soluble amine

A

epinephrine

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28
Q

Lipid soluble amine

A

thyroxine

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29
Q

What is this?

A

Adrenaline/ Epinephrine

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30
Q

What is this?

A

Thyroxine (t4)

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31
Q

Can water soluble hormones pass through the membrane?

A

no

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32
Q

Can lipid soluble hormones pass through the membrane?

A

yes

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33
Q

Water soluble hormone receptor type

A

membrane receptor

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34
Q

Lipid soluble hormone receptor type

A

intracellular

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35
Q

Water soluble hormone mode of action

A

multi-step signal transduction pathway

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36
Q

Lipid soluble hormone mode of action

A

hormone receptor complex moves into the nucleus and alters the transcription of genes

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37
Q

Negative Feedback

A

response reduces stimulus; feedback inhibition

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38
Q

Positive Feedback

A

response increases stimulus

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39
Q

Simple Endocrine Pathway ( SEP) Stimulus

A

low pH in the small intestine

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40
Q

(SEP) S cells of the duodenum release

A

secretin which is a peptide hormone

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41
Q

Hormones travel through target cells in the

A

pancreas

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42
Q

What is released from the pancreas to raise pH?

A

bicarbonate ions

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43
Q

The simple endocrine pathway is an example of positive or negative feedback?

A

Negative

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44
Q

True or False: The hormone secretin circulates to pancreatic target cells and binds to intracellular receptors

A

false. The hormone secretin circulates to pancreatic target cells and binds to EXTRACELLULAR receptors

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45
Q

Almond-sized region of the brain

A

hypothalamus

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46
Q

Two glands found on the base of the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

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47
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes its own hormones

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48
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

extension of hypothalamus, stores and secretes hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus

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49
Q

True or False: oxytocin is secreted by anterior pituitary gland

A

false. Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

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50
Q

Simple Neuroendocrine pathway stimulus example

A

suckling

51
Q

Posterior pituitary releases

A

oxytocin

52
Q

Hormone travels to smooth muscle in

A

mammary glands

53
Q

This simple neuroendocrine (suckling) pathway is an example of positive or negative feedback?

A

positive

54
Q

True or False: the stimulus of suckling is detected by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus

A

true

55
Q

Hormone cascade pathway stimulus example

A

thyroid level drops

56
Q

Neurosecretory cells in they hypothalamus release

A

TRH- thyroid releasing hormone

57
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone releases

A

TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone

58
Q

Endocrine cells in thyroid gland secrete

A

T3 and T4

59
Q

Thyroid hormone level returns to normal/ blocks further release of

A

TRH and TSH

60
Q

T3 and T4 travels to target cells throughout the body to regulate systems such as

A

digestive and reproductive activity, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone

61
Q

The hormone cascade pathway is an example of a positive or negative feedback system?

A

negative

62
Q

True or False: both secretin and thyroid hormone require the nervous system to detect a stimulus

A

false

63
Q

Antiduretic Hormone

A

nonapeptide
released from posterior pituitary

64
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

anterior pituitary hormones that often form a cascade

65
Q

Water Soluble Hormones

A

secretin
oxytocin
ADH
insulin
glucagon
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (T3)
Prolactin

66
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones

A

estrogen
androgens

67
Q

Amine Hormones

A

thyroxine (t4)
Adrenaline

68
Q

Secretin

A

pancreas releases bicarbonate to raise pH

69
Q

Oxytocin

A

produced in the posterior pituitary gland and is responsible for the contraction of mammary and uterus cells

70
Q

ADH

A

produced in the posterior pituitary gland and is responsible for the water retention of the kidneys

71
Q

Insulin

A

a protein produced by the pancreas and is responsible for the lowering blood glucose levels

72
Q

Glucagon

A

a amino acid peptide also produced in the pancreas that is responsible for raising blood glucose levels

73
Q

Estrogen

A

main female hormone that is made in the ovaries and considered to be a steroid

74
Q

Androgens

A

main male hormones made in the testes and considered to be a steroid

75
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

and amine required for metabolism and growth

76
Q

Adrenaline

A

made in the adrenal medulla and is the fight or flight hormone

77
Q

Target cells can vary in response to a hormone because they differ in

A

types of receptors
intracellular proteins activated by binding

78
Q

What type of cells are liver cells

A

beta cells

79
Q

smooth muscle cell in the wall of the blood vessel that supplies skeletal muscle

A

Beta Cells

80
Q

smooth muscle cell in wall of blood vessel that supplies intestines

A

Alpha Cells

81
Q

How does the Beta Cell Receptor Work in Liver Cells?

A

as an example…..
epinephrine enters the beta cell receptor located OUTSIDE of the cell
the receptor then gives the signal for the glycogen to be turned into glucose and then to be sent out of the cell
blood glucose level increases

82
Q

How does the Beta Cell Receptor Work in Smooth Muscle cells of Skeletal Tissue?

A

epinephrine enters the beta cell receptor located on the outside of the cell
the cell then changes shape and becomes flatter and longer
blood flow to muscles increases

83
Q

How does the Alpha Cell Receptor Work in Smooth Muscle cells of the Intestines?

A

epinephrine enters the alpha cell receptor located on the outside of the cell
the cell then shrinks in size and becomes slightly longer
blood flow to intestines decreases

84
Q

Tissues

A

groups of specialized cells with a similar appearance and a common function

85
Q

Four Main Types of Tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

86
Q

Organization of Nervous System

A

central nervous system
peripheral system

87
Q

Central Nervous System

A

includes brain and spinal cord

88
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves outside brain and spinal cord

89
Q

General Function of Nervous Cells

A

receiving, processing, and transmitting information

90
Q

General Function of Gilial Cells

A

provide support and protection for neurons

91
Q

Oligidendrocytes are found in the

A

central nervous system

92
Q

Schwan Cells are found in the

A

peripheral nervous system

93
Q

True or False: the peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord

A

false

94
Q

Epithelial Tissue General Function

A

protection barrier against injury, prevent pathogens from entering the body, and prevent loss of water

95
Q

Epithelial Tissue General Locations

A

body surfaces
lining body cavities and hallow organs
glands

96
Q

Apical

A

top side-exposed to exterior air

97
Q

Basal

A

bottom side attached to extracellular matrix

98
Q

Tissue Classificiation is Based On

A

number of layers
cell shape

99
Q

One layer

A

simple

100
Q

Two or More Layers

A

stratified

101
Q

Cube Shape

A

cubodial

102
Q

Flat

A

squamous

103
Q

Column Shaped

A

columnar

104
Q

Type of Epithelial Tissue

A

simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple columnar
pseudo-stratified columnar
simple cuboidal

105
Q
A

Simple Squamous

106
Q
A

Stratified Squamous

107
Q
A

Simple Columnar

108
Q
A

Pseudostratified Columnar

109
Q
A

Simple Cubodial

110
Q

Simple Squamous Locations

A

blood vessels
lung alveoli

111
Q

Simple Squamous Function

A

diffusion

112
Q

Stratified Squamous Locations

A

exposed body surfaces

113
Q

Stratified Squamous Function

A

protection/barrier

114
Q

Simple Columnar Locations

A

digestive tract
uterus

115
Q

Simple Columnar Function

A

absorption
secretion

116
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Locations

A

respiratory tract

117
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Function

A

protection of the lungs

118
Q

Simple Cubodial Locations

A

kidney tubules
salivary glands
mammary glands
liver

119
Q

Simple Cubodial Functions

A

absorption
secretion

120
Q

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?

A

Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

121
Q

Which of these describes loose connective tissue?

A

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.

122
Q

Cartilage is found _____

A

at the ends of bones such as the femur

123
Q

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.

A

blood

124
Q

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

A

stratified epithelium

125
Q

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

A

simple squamous epithelium

126
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

A

simple cuboidal cells

127
Q

A neuron consists of _____

A

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

128
Q

Nervous tissue functions _____

A

to sense stimuli

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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