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Bio 189A > Chapter 33 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 33 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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2
Q

Accessory glands

A

secrete digestive juices through ducts; include salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder

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3
Q

Small Intestine Organs

A

pancreas
liver

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4
Q

Food from the small intestine travels to the

A

hepatic portal vein

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5
Q

Lipids from the small intestine travel to the

A

lymphatic system

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6
Q

Nutrients from the large intestine

A

hepatic portal vein

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7
Q

Pepsin breaks down proteins into

A

small polypeptides

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8
Q

Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

break down amino acids adjacent to certain amino acids

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9
Q

Pancreatic carboxypeptidase

A

break down small peptides amino acids

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10
Q

Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidases

A

break down individual amino acids

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11
Q

Pancreatic nucleases break down

A

DNA and RNA into nucleotides

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12
Q

Nucleotidases break

A

nucleotides into nucleosides

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13
Q

Nucleosidases and phosphates break down

A

nucleosides into nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates

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14
Q

pancreatic lipase breaks down

A

fats into glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

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15
Q

Mucous role in the stomach

A

provide a protective coat

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16
Q

Chief role in the stomach

A

create the active enzyme pepsin

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17
Q

Chief secretion

A

pepsinogen

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18
Q

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and parietal cells secrete _ and _ separately into the lumen

A

H+
Cl-

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19
Q

H+ and Cl- react to form ___ which activates the inactive pepsinogen into the active enzyme ______

A

HCl
Pepsin

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20
Q

Pepsin activates more __________ to convert into pepsin, starting a chain reaction. This is an example of ________

A

pepsinogen
+ feedback

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21
Q

True or False: HCl would damage parietal cells if it was secreted inside the parietal cells

A

true

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22
Q

True or False: Pepsin is an inactive enzyme, while pepsinogen is active

A

false

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23
Q

In the small intestine, the first 10 inches is the

A

duodenum

24
Q

Its ability to absorb and secrete is due to increased surface area because of projections in the lumen called _____ and ________ on epithelial cells

A

villi
microvilli

25
Q

______ breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides which diffuse into epithelial cells and reform into triglycerides

A

lipase

26
Q

before entering the lympathic system triglycerides are incorporated into water-soluble particles called

A

chylomicrons

27
Q

Cholecytoskinin is released in the

A

duodenum

28
Q

Cholectoskinin acts on the

A

pancreas; releases digestive enzymes

29
Q

Cholecytoskinin also acts on the

A

gallbladder; releases bile

30
Q

Secretin is released in the

A

duodenum

31
Q

Secretin acts on the

A

pancreas

32
Q

Secretin’s response

A

it releases bicarbonate

33
Q

True or False: when chyme is rich in fat, CCK and secretin can also inhibit the release of gastric juice and slow digestion

A

true

34
Q

Monosaccharides __________, and polysaccharides __________.

A

are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together

35
Q

How do glucagon and insulin differ?

A

Insulin is secreted from the pancreas, whereas glucagon is secreted from the liver.

36
Q

Which of the following hypothetical situations might result in a blood sugar level that is too high?

A

An individual has an autoimmune disorder that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas.

An individual’s insulin receptors are defective.

37
Q

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.

A

amino acids

38
Q

When digested, fats are broken down into _____.

A

both glycerol and fatty acids

39
Q

Starch is a type of _____.

A

polysaccharide

40
Q

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without its being further digested.

A

fructose

41
Q

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.

A

maltose

42
Q

What is the main component of gastric juice?

A

water

43
Q

A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules, including only one molecule of _______

A

glycerol

44
Q

A fat molecule also includes one, two, or three _____ molecules.

A

fatty

45
Q

A fat molecule with only one fatty acid is called a

A

monoglyceride

46
Q

A fat molecule with three fatty acids is called a triacylglycerol, or a

A

triglyceride

47
Q

fatty acid includes a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end as well as a long __________________

A

hydrocarbon tail

48
Q

The hydrocarbon chains found in fats store a lot of energy. They also make fats ________ , or insoluble in water.

A

hydrophobic

49
Q

Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal?

A

salivary glands

50
Q

Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?

A

excretion

51
Q

One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract.

A

false

52
Q

The liver is a component of the alimentary canal.

A

false

53
Q

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the lumen of the stomach?

A

Pepsin digests molecules of pepsinogen, producing more pepsin.

54
Q

How do hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl–) get into the lumen of the stomach?

A

H+ is actively transported from parietal cells into the lumen, while Cl– diffuses from parietal cells into the lumen.

55
Q

A researcher added a mixture of animal proteins to a physiological buffer solution (pH 7.4) in a test tube incubated at 37°C. The researcher then added purified pepsin to the mixture, but even after several hours, the proteins were not digested. Which of the following would explain this result?

A

the pH was too high

56
Q

What is one function of mucus in the lumen of the stomach?

A

It protects the epithelium from being digested by gastric juice.

57
Q

The epithelium that lines the stomach has many deep infoldings, or pits. In what way do these pits function as glands?

A

They secrete gastric juice into the main chamber of the stomach.

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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