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Bio 189A > Chapter 13 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Knowledge of DNA replication comes from studies done with

A

e coli

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2
Q

At the origin of replication, the DNA strand

A

separates forming a bubble

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3
Q

What happens at the replication fork?

A

DNA is unwound and DNA polymerase builds new strands of DNA; the new strand of DNA is built continuously

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4
Q

Leading Strand Details

A

DNA polymerase builds a new strand of DNA by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time

Each new nucleotide pairs up with its complementary nucleotide of the parental strand

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5
Q

Lagging Strand Details

A

Each piece of the lagging strand begins with a short segment of RNA

A clamp surrounds the RNA AND attaches to the DNA polymerase which builds the rest of the DNA

When the piece is finished, it is released from DNA polymerase

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6
Q

How are pieces of the lagging strand joined together?

A

a different DNA polymerase removes RNA and replaces it with DN, but it can’t finish putting it together on its own

an enzyme called DNA ligase joins the pieces together

a bubble grows until there are 2 identical DNA molecules

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7
Q

Each nucleotide in a polynucleotides strand is composed of 3 parts

A

a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

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8
Q

The role of DNA polymerases in DNA replication is to __________.

A

attach free nucleotides to the new DNA strand

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9
Q

Are RNA primers required for DNA replication?

A

yes

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10
Q

During Griffith’s experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice, material from __________ bacteria transformed __________ bacteria.

A

heat-killed virulent; living nonvirulent

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11
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the __________ of the leading strands and to the __________ of the lagging strands (Okazaki fragments).

A

3’ end; 3’ end

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12
Q

What technique was most helpful to Watson and Crick in developing their model for the structure of DNA?

A

X-ray crystallography

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13
Q

A scientist assembles a bacteriophage with the protein coat of phage T2 and the DNA of phage T4. If this composite phage were allowed to infect a bacterium, the phages produced in the host cell would have __________.

A

the protein and DNA of T4

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14
Q

What statement concerning the structure of DNA is correct?

A

Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine; guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine.

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15
Q

Who is credited with discovering the structure of the DNA double helix?

A

Watson and Crick

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16
Q

One strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule has the base sequence 5’-ATAGGT-3’. The complementary base sequence on the other strand of DNA will be 3’-__________-5’.

A

TATCCA

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17
Q

Which of the following lists is in order from the entity with the smallest genome to the entity with the largest genome?

A

Virus, bacteria, eukaryote

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18
Q

In DNA, the two purines are __________, and the two pyrimidines are __________.

A

adenine and guanine; cytosine and thymine

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19
Q

What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

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20
Q

What is the major difference between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

Bacteria have a single circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes have several linear chromosomes.

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21
Q

Avery and his colleagues’ 1944 experiment showed that DNA __________.

A

was the substance that transformed the bacteria in Griffith’s experiment

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22
Q

The “beads on a string” seen in interphase chromatin are __________.

A

nucleosomes

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23
Q

Once the DNA at the replication fork is unwound by helicases, what prevents the two strands from coming back together to re-form a double helix?

A

Single-strand binding proteins bind the unwound DNA and prevent the double helix from re-forming.

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24
Q

The incorporation of an incorrect base into a DNA molecule during replication __________.

A

can be repaired by the mismatch repair system

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25
Q

The overall error rate in a completed DNA molecule is approximately __________.

A

one error per 10,000,000,000 nucleotides

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26
Q

The rate of elongation of a DNA strand in prokaryotes is __________ the rate in eukaryotes.

A

much faster than

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27
Q

The unwinding of DNA at the replication fork causes twisting and strain in the DNA ahead of the fork, which is relieved by an enzyme called __________.

A

topoisomerase

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28
Q

The two strands of a DNA double helix are antiparallel. This means that __________.

A

one strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction and the other runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction

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29
Q

The experiments of Meselson and Stahl showed that DNA __________.

A

replicates in a semiconservative fashion

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30
Q

In Griffith’s Bacterial Transformation study, he looked at _______ S cells and _______ R cells

A

pathogenic
non-pathogenic

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31
Q

Key Discovery of Griffith’s Study

A

molecule in heat killed S cells transforms non-pathogenic R cells into pathogenic S cells

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32
Q

In Hershey and Chase’s Blender Experiment, was Sulfur found in proteins?

A

no

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33
Q

In Hershey and Chase’s Blender Experiment, was Phosphorus found in proteins?

A

yes

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34
Q

In Hershey and Chase’s Blender Experiment, was Sulfur found in DNA?

A

yes

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35
Q

In Hershey and Chase’s Blender Experiment, was Phosphorus found in DNA?

A

yes

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36
Q

Key Discovery of Hershey and Chase’s Blender Experiment

A

radioactively labeled sulfur and phosphorous was found in the bacterial pellet and DNA was hereditary material

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37
Q

The nitrogenous base is attaches to the carbon # ____ on the pentose sugar

A

3

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38
Q

The phosphate group is attached to the carbon # ___ on the pentose sugar

A

5

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39
Q

True or False: a phosphodiester linkage connects carbon #5 of one nucleotide to carbon #3 of another nucleotide

A

true

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40
Q

Erwin Chargaff Discovered

A

ratios of nitrogenous bases in a molecule of DNA follow a specific pattern, exact numbers vary by species

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41
Q

Rosalind Franklin utilized

A

x- ray photography and crystallography and took an image which helped show DNA as a double helix

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42
Q

Watson, Crick, and Wilkins came up

A

with the idea of complementary base pairing

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43
Q

Complementary base pairing of purine nitrogenous bases with the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases explains why DNA double helix has a ________ along its length

A

diameter

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44
Q

After a new strand is built, original double helix template reforms, conserving original DNA molecule

A

conservative model

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45
Q

True or False: every new double helix has two new strands

A

false

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46
Q

New double helices are formed using original template DNA

A

semiconservative model

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47
Q

True or False: every new DNA double helix has two new strands

A

true

48
Q

Following replication, each strand consists of a mixture of old and new fragments of DNA polynucleotide

A

dispersive model

49
Q

Directionality of a polynucleotide is determined by

A

5’ carbon phosphate group
3’ carbon of hydroxl group

50
Q

True or False: new nucleotides can only be added to the 5’ end of a growing polynucleotide

A

false

51
Q

Breaks hydrogen bonds between two strands, “ unzips double helix”

A

helicase

52
Q

Enzyme releases supercoiling tension; ahead of replication fork. This enzyme breaks and reforms DNA bonds

A

topoisomerase

53
Q

Prevents two separated strands from immediately joining back together

A

Single Strand Binding Proteins

54
Q

Inserts short nucleotide primer which marks start of new DNA strand

A

Primase

55
Q

The nucleotide primer must be removed because it is made of ____ and replaced with _____

A

RNA
DNA

56
Q

DNA Polymerase 3

A

adds new DNA nucleotides to growing strand at 3’ end

57
Q

DNA Polymerase 1

A

replaces the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides

58
Q

DNA Ligase

A

seals the gaps between okazaki fragments after primers are replaced

59
Q

True or False: a single okazaki fragment consists of both RNA and DNA molecules

A

false

60
Q

True or False: both leading and lagging strands are built in a 3’ and 5’ direction

A

true

61
Q

DNA polymerases are responsible for what in DNA proofreading?

A

proof-reading each nucleotide and other enzymes perform mismatch repair

62
Q

Nucleotide excision repair uses 3 enzymes

A

nuclease
DNA polymerase
Ligase

63
Q

Cuts damaged DNA section

A

nuclease

64
Q

Fills in missing nucleotides

A

dna polymerase

65
Q

Seals gaps, completing strands

A

ligase

66
Q

Non-coding sequences found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

A

telomeres

67
Q

Special enzyme that lengthens telomeres in germ, embyronic stem, and cancer cells

A

telomerase

68
Q

True or False: in linear DNA, each replication round produces longer molecules

A

false

69
Q

True or False: DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of existing strand, causing linear chromosomes to lose some nucleotides after each round of replication

A

true

70
Q

Chromatin, a principal component of the cell nucleus, is a complex of which two biological molecules?

A

DNA
Proteins

71
Q

2nm

A

DNA double helix

72
Q

10 nm fiber

A

DNA is wound around structural proteins called histones to form structures called nucleosomes

73
Q

30 nm fiber

A

10 nm fiber starts to supercoil and thicken

74
Q

300 nm fiber

A

additional scaffolding proteins allow supercoiled DNA to start making loops

75
Q

1,400 nm

A

fiber continues to coil to form fully condensed replicated chromosomes

76
Q

Types of chromatin

A

heterochromatin
euchromatin

77
Q

Heterochromatin is

A

tightly packed
cannot be transcribed

78
Q

Euchromatin is

A

loose
can be transcribed

79
Q

A type of DNA cloning; used to make many copies of or amplify a particular gene

A

DNA cloning

80
Q

Steps of DNA Cloning

A
  1. cut cloning vector + gene of interest with same restriction gene
  2. base pairing of sticky ends creates various combinations
  3. DNA ligase seals strands and creates a recombinant DNA molecules
  4. Transform bacteria and allow to replicate
81
Q

Used to amplify a specific target DNA segment

A

Polymerase
Chain
Reaction

82
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction Steps

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension
83
Q

Denaturation

A

heat to separate DNA strands and break hydrogen bonds

84
Q

Annealing

A

cool to allow primers to form hydrogen bonds with ends of target sequence

85
Q

Extension

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’ of each primer

86
Q

Steps of DNA Fingerprinting

A
  1. Cut non-coding DNA sequences with restriction enzymes
  2. Fragments put through gel
  3. Number and size off fragments will be unique for each person
87
Q

During DNA fingerprinting, DNA is ___________ charged due to the phosphate group, so it moves to the positive electrode

A

negatively

88
Q

A technique for editing genes in living cells, which may be used for the treatment of complex genetic disorders, such as cancer

A

clustered
regularly
interspaced
short
palindromic
repeats

89
Q
A

Adenine

90
Q
A

Thymine

91
Q
A

Guanine

92
Q
A

Cytosine

93
Q

After DNA replication is completed, _____.

A

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

94
Q

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.

A

helicase

95
Q

The action of helicase creates _____.

A

replication forks and replication bubbles

96
Q

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3’ to 5’ strands assembled in short segments?

A

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

97
Q

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.

A

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

98
Q

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

A

template

99
Q

Helicase

A

breaks H bonds between bases
binds at the replication fork

100
Q

Topoisomerase

A

breaks covalent bonds in the DNA backbone
binds ahead of the replication fork

101
Q

Single Strand Binding Process

A

prevents H bonds between bases
binds after the replication fork

102
Q

The bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA are

A

covalent bonds

103
Q

The bonds or interactions that hold together complementary bases from opposite strands of DNA are

A

hydrogen bonds

104
Q

The bonds or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that help hold the DNA molecule together are

A

van der waals interactions

105
Q

True or False: complementary base pairing relies on the number of hydrogen bonds that each base can make

A

true

106
Q

True or False: the phosphate attached to the 5’ carbon of a given nucleotide links to the 3’ -OH of the adjacent nucleotide

A

true

107
Q

True or False: in a single nucleotide, the phosphate group is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar unit

A

true

108
Q

True or False: the antiparallel arrangement of double-stranded DNA is due to the phosphate group being bonded to the 3’ carbon on one strand and the 5’ carbon on the complementary strand

A

false

109
Q

True or False: the -OH group on the 3’ carbon of the sugar unit is the attachment site for the nitrogenous base

A

false

110
Q

In the 1950s, when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well accepted by the scientific community?

A

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.
Chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid.
Genes are located on chromosomes.

111
Q

To create a molecule of recombinant DNA, which of the following is cut with a restriction enzyme?

A

target DNA
starting DNA

112
Q

Check each of the true statements about the proteins involved in cutting and pasting DNA. More than one statement may be true.

A

A restriction enzyme cuts DNA while DNA ligase pastes DNA.
DNA ligase pastes together segments of DNA with matching sticky ends.
A particular restriction enzyme only cuts DNA at one very specific DNA sequence.

113
Q

After replication is complete, the new DNAs, called _________
, are identical to each other.

A

daughter DNA

114
Q

_________ are the short sections of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replicating DNA.

A

okazaki fragments

115
Q

The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called_________

A

DNA polymerase

116
Q

The new DNA strand that grows continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction is called the ________

A

leading strand

117
Q

During DNA replication, an open section of DNA, in which a DNA polymerase can replicate DNA, is called a___________

A

replication fork

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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