Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 189A > Chapter 13 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Knowledge of DNA replication comes from studies done with

A

e coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At the origin of replication, the DNA strand

A

separates forming a bubble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens at the replication fork?

A

DNA is unwound and DNA polymerase builds new strands of DNA; the new strand of DNA is built continuously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Leading Strand Details

A

DNA polymerase builds a new strand of DNA by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time

Each new nucleotide pairs up with its complementary nucleotide of the parental strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lagging Strand Details

A

Each piece of the lagging strand begins with a short segment of RNA

A clamp surrounds the RNA AND attaches to the DNA polymerase which builds the rest of the DNA

When the piece is finished, it is released from DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are pieces of the lagging strand joined together?

A

a different DNA polymerase removes RNA and replaces it with DN, but it can’t finish putting it together on its own

an enzyme called DNA ligase joins the pieces together

a bubble grows until there are 2 identical DNA molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Each nucleotide in a polynucleotides strand is composed of 3 parts

A

a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The role of DNA polymerases in DNA replication is to __________.

A

attach free nucleotides to the new DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are RNA primers required for DNA replication?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

During Griffith’s experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice, material from __________ bacteria transformed __________ bacteria.

A

heat-killed virulent; living nonvirulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the __________ of the leading strands and to the __________ of the lagging strands (Okazaki fragments).

A

3’ end; 3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What technique was most helpful to Watson and Crick in developing their model for the structure of DNA?

A

X-ray crystallography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A scientist assembles a bacteriophage with the protein coat of phage T2 and the DNA of phage T4. If this composite phage were allowed to infect a bacterium, the phages produced in the host cell would have __________.

A

the protein and DNA of T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What statement concerning the structure of DNA is correct?

A

Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine; guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who is credited with discovering the structure of the DNA double helix?

A

Watson and Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

One strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule has the base sequence 5’-ATAGGT-3’. The complementary base sequence on the other strand of DNA will be 3’-__________-5’.

A

TATCCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following lists is in order from the entity with the smallest genome to the entity with the largest genome?

A

Virus, bacteria, eukaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In DNA, the two purines are __________, and the two pyrimidines are __________.

A

adenine and guanine; cytosine and thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the major difference between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

Bacteria have a single circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes have several linear chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Avery and his colleagues’ 1944 experiment showed that DNA __________.

A

was the substance that transformed the bacteria in Griffith’s experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The “beads on a string” seen in interphase chromatin are __________.

A

nucleosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Once the DNA at the replication fork is unwound by helicases, what prevents the two strands from coming back together to re-form a double helix?

A

Single-strand binding proteins bind the unwound DNA and prevent the double helix from re-forming.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The incorporation of an incorrect base into a DNA molecule during replication __________.

A

can be repaired by the mismatch repair system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The overall error rate in a completed DNA molecule is approximately __________.
one error per 10,000,000,000 nucleotides
26
The rate of elongation of a DNA strand in prokaryotes is __________ the rate in eukaryotes.
much faster than
27
The unwinding of DNA at the replication fork causes twisting and strain in the DNA ahead of the fork, which is relieved by an enzyme called __________.
topoisomerase
28
The two strands of a DNA double helix are antiparallel. This means that __________.
one strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction and the other runs in the 3' to 5' direction
29
The experiments of Meselson and Stahl showed that DNA __________.
replicates in a semiconservative fashion
30
In Griffith's Bacterial Transformation study, he looked at _______ S cells and _______ R cells
pathogenic non-pathogenic
31
Key Discovery of Griffith's Study
molecule in heat killed S cells transforms non-pathogenic R cells into pathogenic S cells
32
In Hershey and Chase's Blender Experiment, was Sulfur found in proteins?
no
33
In Hershey and Chase's Blender Experiment, was Phosphorus found in proteins?
yes
34
In Hershey and Chase's Blender Experiment, was Sulfur found in DNA?
yes
35
In Hershey and Chase's Blender Experiment, was Phosphorus found in DNA?
yes
36
Key Discovery of Hershey and Chase's Blender Experiment
radioactively labeled sulfur and phosphorous was found in the bacterial pellet and DNA was hereditary material
37
The nitrogenous base is attaches to the carbon # ____ on the pentose sugar
3
38
The phosphate group is attached to the carbon # ___ on the pentose sugar
5
39
True or False: a phosphodiester linkage connects carbon #5 of one nucleotide to carbon #3 of another nucleotide
true
40
Erwin Chargaff Discovered
ratios of nitrogenous bases in a molecule of DNA follow a specific pattern, exact numbers vary by species
41
Rosalind Franklin utilized
x- ray photography and crystallography and took an image which helped show DNA as a double helix
42
Watson, Crick, and Wilkins came up
with the idea of complementary base pairing
43
Complementary base pairing of purine nitrogenous bases with the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases explains why DNA double helix has a ________ along its length
diameter
44
After a new strand is built, original double helix template reforms, conserving original DNA molecule
conservative model
45
True or False: every new double helix has two new strands
false
46
New double helices are formed using original template DNA
semiconservative model
47
True or False: every new DNA double helix has two new strands
true
48
Following replication, each strand consists of a mixture of old and new fragments of DNA polynucleotide
dispersive model
49
Directionality of a polynucleotide is determined by
5' carbon phosphate group 3' carbon of hydroxl group
50
True or False: new nucleotides can only be added to the 5' end of a growing polynucleotide
false
51
Breaks hydrogen bonds between two strands, " unzips double helix"
helicase
52
Enzyme releases supercoiling tension; ahead of replication fork. This enzyme breaks and reforms DNA bonds
topoisomerase
53
Prevents two separated strands from immediately joining back together
Single Strand Binding Proteins
54
Inserts short nucleotide primer which marks start of new DNA strand
Primase
55
The nucleotide primer must be removed because it is made of ____ and replaced with _____
RNA DNA
56
DNA Polymerase 3
adds new DNA nucleotides to growing strand at 3' end
57
DNA Polymerase 1
replaces the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides
58
DNA Ligase
seals the gaps between okazaki fragments after primers are replaced
59
True or False: a single okazaki fragment consists of both RNA and DNA molecules
false
60
True or False: both leading and lagging strands are built in a 3' and 5' direction
true
61
DNA polymerases are responsible for what in DNA proofreading?
proof-reading each nucleotide and other enzymes perform mismatch repair
62
Nucleotide excision repair uses 3 enzymes
nuclease DNA polymerase Ligase
63
Cuts damaged DNA section
nuclease
64
Fills in missing nucleotides
dna polymerase
65
Seals gaps, completing strands
ligase
66
Non-coding sequences found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
telomeres
67
Special enzyme that lengthens telomeres in germ, embyronic stem, and cancer cells
telomerase
68
True or False: in linear DNA, each replication round produces longer molecules
false
69
True or False: DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of existing strand, causing linear chromosomes to lose some nucleotides after each round of replication
true
70
Chromatin, a principal component of the cell nucleus, is a complex of which two biological molecules?
DNA Proteins
71
2nm
DNA double helix
72
10 nm fiber
DNA is wound around structural proteins called histones to form structures called nucleosomes
73
30 nm fiber
10 nm fiber starts to supercoil and thicken
74
300 nm fiber
additional scaffolding proteins allow supercoiled DNA to start making loops
75
1,400 nm
fiber continues to coil to form fully condensed replicated chromosomes
76
Types of chromatin
heterochromatin euchromatin
77
Heterochromatin is
tightly packed cannot be transcribed
78
Euchromatin is
loose can be transcribed
79
A type of DNA cloning; used to make many copies of or amplify a particular gene
DNA cloning
80
Steps of DNA Cloning
1. cut cloning vector + gene of interest with same restriction gene 2. base pairing of sticky ends creates various combinations 3. DNA ligase seals strands and creates a recombinant DNA molecules 4. Transform bacteria and allow to replicate
81
Used to amplify a specific target DNA segment
Polymerase Chain Reaction
82
Polymerase Chain Reaction Steps
1. Denaturation 2. Annealing 3. Extension
83
Denaturation
heat to separate DNA strands and break hydrogen bonds
84
Annealing
cool to allow primers to form hydrogen bonds with ends of target sequence
85
Extension
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3' of each primer
86
Steps of DNA Fingerprinting
1. Cut non-coding DNA sequences with restriction enzymes 2. Fragments put through gel 3. Number and size off fragments will be unique for each person
87
During DNA fingerprinting, DNA is ___________ charged due to the phosphate group, so it moves to the positive electrode
negatively
88
A technique for editing genes in living cells, which may be used for the treatment of complex genetic disorders, such as cancer
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
89
Adenine
90
Thymine
91
Guanine
92
Cytosine
93
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
94
The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.
helicase
95
The action of helicase creates _____.
replication forks and replication bubbles
96
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
97
The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.
RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand
98
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
template
99
Helicase
breaks H bonds between bases binds at the replication fork
100
Topoisomerase
breaks covalent bonds in the DNA backbone binds ahead of the replication fork
101
Single Strand Binding Process
prevents H bonds between bases binds after the replication fork
102
The bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA are
covalent bonds
103
The bonds or interactions that hold together complementary bases from opposite strands of DNA are
hydrogen bonds
104
The bonds or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that help hold the DNA molecule together are
van der waals interactions
105
True or False: complementary base pairing relies on the number of hydrogen bonds that each base can make
true
106
True or False: the phosphate attached to the 5' carbon of a given nucleotide links to the 3' -OH of the adjacent nucleotide
true
107
True or False: in a single nucleotide, the phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar unit
true
108
True or False: the antiparallel arrangement of double-stranded DNA is due to the phosphate group being bonded to the 3' carbon on one strand and the 5' carbon on the complementary strand
false
109
True or False: the -OH group on the 3' carbon of the sugar unit is the attachment site for the nitrogenous base
false
110
In the 1950s, when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well accepted by the scientific community?
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid. Genes are located on chromosomes.
111
To create a molecule of recombinant DNA, which of the following is cut with a restriction enzyme?
target DNA starting DNA
112
Check each of the true statements about the proteins involved in cutting and pasting DNA. More than one statement may be true.
A restriction enzyme cuts DNA while DNA ligase pastes DNA. DNA ligase pastes together segments of DNA with matching sticky ends. A particular restriction enzyme only cuts DNA at one very specific DNA sequence.
113
After replication is complete, the new DNAs, called _________ , are identical to each other.
daughter DNA
114
_________ are the short sections of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replicating DNA.
okazaki fragments
115
The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called_________
DNA polymerase
116
The new DNA strand that grows continuously in the 5' to 3' direction is called the ________
leading strand
117
During DNA replication, an open section of DNA, in which a DNA polymerase can replicate DNA, is called a___________
replication fork

Bio 189A (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions