Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 189A > Chapter 5 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In what way do the membranes of eukaryotic cells vary?

A

certain proteins are unique of the membrane of each cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following pairs correctly matches a membrane transport process to its primary function?

A

pinocytosis; the uptake of water and small solutes into the cell by formation of vesicles at the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What event would activate a G protein?

A

replacement of GDP with GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following correctly describes a general property of all electrogenic pumps?

A

they create a voltage difference across a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of phospholipids, and embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect

A

The plasma membrane is referred to as “fluid mosaic” structure. Which of the following statements about the model is true?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following molecules is most likely to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Second messengers tend to be water-soluble and small. This accounts for their ability to

A

rapidly move throughout the cell by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The concentration of solutes in a particular cell is about 2%, but the cell contains almost no sucrose or urea. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane of its cell, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause this cell to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?

A

a hypertonic sucrose solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Receptors for signal molecules

A

may be found embedded in the plasma membrane or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following statements about passive transport is correct?

A

Passive transport involves movement of solute in both directions across a membrane, but the net movement of solute is DOWN its concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The general name for an enzyme that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is

A

protein kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Testosterone, a lipid-soluble signaling molecule, crosses the membranes of cells throughout the body but affects only target cells because

A

intracellular receptors for testosterone are present only in target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nitric oxide is unusual among animal signal molecules in that it __________.

A

is a gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because __________.

A

they amplify the original signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Consider the currently accepted fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found?

A

In the interior of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane is correct?

A

Membrane carbohydrates have a primary role in cell-cell recognition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following processes and organelle(s) account for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane?

A

Exocytosis and smooth and rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The molecule cAMP directly activates __________.

A

protein kinase A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following would be least likely to pass through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?

A

A large polar molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of these statements describes some aspect of facilitated diffusion?

A

It may occur through transport proteins in the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which of the following would tend to increase membrane fluidity?

A

A greater proportion of phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the surface measurements of that cell membrane and cell membrane determines what goes on in and out of the cell

A

Surface Area Determines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

All living things have a…

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In phospholipids, the head is and the tail is

A

in phospholipids, the head is polar and the tail is nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cholesterol can keep phospholipids from becoming…

A

too packed when temperatures drop or too fluid in warm temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

-can go through the cell membrane
-transport different materials
-make glucose from your food make it to cells to form ATP

A

Integral Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

-act as enzymes to speed up reactions
-attach to cytoskeleton structures to help with cell shape

A

Peripheral Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Glycolipid

A

carbohydrates bonded to a lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Eukaryotes are…

A

membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Examples of molecules that can cross or enter the phospholipid bilayer

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

molecules that can cross or enter the phospholipid bilayer without the help of a transport protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Passive Transport

A

takes no energy to move molecules in or out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

when molecules can’t cross the cell membrane on their own or molecules that are polar and need help of transport protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Active Transport

A

pushing of molecules to go against their concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 Types of Endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Endocytosis

A

fusing of substances with the cell membrane to form vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Plasma membrane in cells is

A

selectively permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Diffusion

A

form of passive transport that does not require energy from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

moves ions against their concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Co-Transport

A

sodium ions and glucose move into the cell through a cotransporter protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Non-steroid hormones

A

those derived from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Examples of non-steroid hormones

A

oxytocin
epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

produces six different kinds of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Growth Hormone

A

lack of it results in dwarfism
excess of it results in gigantism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Adrenocorticotripic Hormone

A

targets the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Tyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

raises T3 and T4 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

development of eggs and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Lutenizing Hormone

A

stimulates hormone production by ovaries and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

promotes water retention by kidneys, stores and releases oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls the pituitary gland and produces/ releases inhibiting hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Pineal Gland

A

produces melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Thyroid/ Parathyroid Gland

A

located at the base of neck and produces thyroxine (T4) and Calcitocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Thyroxine

A

stimulates and maintains metabolic processes and plays a role in development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Calcitocin

A

opposes action of parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Parathyroid

A

produces parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Thymus

A

produces thymosin and stimulates the development of immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

creates epinephrine and nonepinephrine which triggers fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Pancreas

A

produces insulin and glucagon which raise and lower blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Ovaries

A

produce estrogen and progesterone; helps to promote growth of the lining of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Estrogens

A

the hormones that promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Testes

A

produce androgens which are the main male hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Fluid bilayer is composed of

A

phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Amphipathic means

A

something is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Do phospholipids w/saturated fatty acids contain double bonds in their tails?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How do phospholipids w/saturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane effect membrane fluidity?

A

the saturated fats decrease fluidity in the plasma membrane

70
Q

Do phospholipids w/unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds in their tails?

A

yes

71
Q

How do phospholipids w/unsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane effect membrane fluidity?

A

the unsaturated fats increase fluidity in the plasma membrane

72
Q

How does the presence of cholesterol ( at moderate temp) affect membrane fluidity?

A

cholesterol decrease fluidity in the plasma membrane

73
Q

How does the presence of cholesterol ( at low temp) affect membrane fluidity?

A

cholesterol increases fluidity in the plasma membrane

74
Q

True or False: Thermophilic bacteria that live in hot springs have many phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids in their plasma membrane, that help increase membrane fluidity

A

false

75
Q

What does this image depict in its entirety?

A

Phospholipid Membrane

76
Q

Phospholipid Membrane Description

A

hydrophobic tails that face each other ( sheltered from water) and hydrophilic heads exposed to water

77
Q

What does this image depict?

A

glycoprotein

78
Q

Glycoprotein Description

A

integral ( transmembrane) protein embedded in membrane with attached carbohydrate

79
Q

Peripheral Protein Description

A

protein that is loosely bound to the surface of membrane

80
Q

This image depicts…

A

a channel protein

81
Q

Channel Protein Description

A

integral (transmembrane) protein embedded in membrane that can transport substances in/out of cell

82
Q

Glycolipid Description

A

phospholipid with attached carbohydrate

83
Q

Cholesterol Description

A

steroid found in plasma membrane of animal cells

84
Q

Name Parts A-H

A

a: phospholipid
b:glycolipid
c:glycoprotein
d: carbohydrate
e: cholesterol
f: ?
g: channel protein
h: phospholipid membrane

85
Q

True or False: Peripheral Proteins are composed of nonpolar amino acids

A

false

86
Q

True or False: Transmembrane proteins are composed of nonpolar & polar amino acids

A

true

87
Q

What type of molecule can easily cross the phospholipid bilayer?

A

small non-polar

88
Q

Examples of molecules that can cross the phospholipid bilayer

A

O2, CO2, steroids

89
Q

Only certain molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer, exhibiting

A

selective permeability

90
Q

What type of molecule can slowly pass through the membrane?

A

small, uncharged and polar molecules

91
Q

What type of molecule cannot pass through the membrane

A

large, polar molecules

92
Q

Examples of molecules that can slowly pass through the membrane

A

H2O, ethanol

93
Q

Examples of molecules that can’t pass through the membrane

A

sugars, ATP, ions

94
Q

True or False: Transport proteins must be used by molecules that cannot pass the phospholipid bilayer on their own

A

true

95
Q

True or False: although water can pass through the membrane on its own, large amounts of water cross the membrane using aquaporin transport proteins

A

true

96
Q
A

Simple Diffusion:
1) because these are Co2 molecules
2) because the molecules are able to cross the bilayer without the help of a transport protein

97
Q
A

Facilitated Diffusion:
the molecules are using the help of transport proteins to get them across the cell membrane

98
Q

Two types of facilitated diffusion proteins

A

carrier proteins
channel proteins

99
Q

Carrier proteins

A

bind specific molecules to be transported one one side of the membrane

100
Q
A

Carrier Protein

101
Q
A

Channel Protein

102
Q

Osmosis

A

facilitated diffusion of water across a membrane

103
Q

Process of Osmosis

A

the solvent ( water) follows the solute, moving in the direction of higher solute concentration

104
Q

Tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

105
Q

Hypotonic

A

amount of solute in the solution is LESS than the amount of solute in the cell

106
Q

Isotonic

A

amount of solute in the solution is EQUAL TO the amount of solute in the cell

107
Q

Hypertonic

A

amount of solute in the solution is GREATER than the amount of solute in the cell

108
Q

In Hypotonic solutions, water has a net movement …..

A

in

109
Q

In Isotonic solutions, water has a net movement

A

neither in nor out

110
Q

In hypertonic solutions, water has a net movement

A

out

111
Q

True or False: Plant and animal cells prefer an environment that is isotonic

A

false

112
Q

True or False: a hypotonic solution is ideal for a plant cells because of rigidity of the plant cell wall which prevents bursting

A

true

113
Q

In active transport, ions move from

A

low concentration to high concentration

114
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

drives ion diffusion across membrane-effect of membrane potential + ion’s concentration gradient

115
Q

Electrogenic Pumps

A

transport protein that generates volatage across the membrane

116
Q

Cell Signaling

A

an event when one cells sends a chemical signal to which another cell responds

117
Q

True or False: mechanisms of signaling are often very different across different groups of unicellular and multicellular organisms

A

false

118
Q

True or False: in some multicellular organisms, communication allows trillions of cells of body to coordinate their activities

A

true

119
Q

Types of Cell Junctions

A

animal cells: gap junctions
plant cells: plasmodesmata

120
Q
A

gap junction found in ANIMAL CELLS

121
Q
A

plasmodesmata

122
Q

Cell Recognition

A

membrane bound cell-surface molecules

123
Q

Paracrine

A

a cell produces a signal molecules that only influences cells near it in the same tissue

124
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

-electrical signal triggers release of nuerotransmitter
-neurotransmitter diffuses across synpase

125
Q

Reception

A

First messenger epinephrine binds to GPCR, activating it

126
Q

Transduction step 1

A

GPCR binds to G-protein
GDP is converted to GTP, activating it

127
Q

Transduction step 2

A

activated G protein binds to adenyl cyclase

128
Q

Transduction step 3

A

activated adenylyl cyclase converts to ATP to the second messenger Cyclic AMP

129
Q

Transduction step 4

A

cAMP activates protein kinase and other molecules in a phosphorylation cascade

130
Q

Response

A

breakdown of glycogen and rise of blood sugar molecules

131
Q

Which of the following molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism? Select all that apply.

A

lipids
carbon dioxide
water
oxygen

132
Q

Only Channels

A

-provide a continuous path across the membrane
-allow water molecules and small ions to flow quickly across the membrane
-are integral membrane proteins

133
Q

Only Carriers

A

-undergo a change in shape to transport solutes across the membrane
-transport primarily small polar organic molecules

134
Q

Both Channels and Carriers

A

-transport solutes down a concentration or electrochemical gradient
-provide a hydrophilic path across the membrane

135
Q

Which of the following statements about the conditions shown in the U-shaped tube are true?

A

-water is tightly clustered around the hydrophilic solute molecules on both sides of the membrane
-there is less free water in the right arm of the tube than in the left arm of the tube

136
Q

During osmosis, water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from the region of higher ( blank) concentration and lower ( blank) concentration to the side with lower ( blank) concentration and higher ( blank) concentration

A

During osmosis, water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from the region of higher free water concentration and lower solute concentration to the side with lower free water concentration and higher solute concentration

137
Q

If more water were added to the solution on the left side of the tube, what would happen to the water level on the right side of the tube?

A

the water level would go down

138
Q

If the pores in the selectively permeable membrane became larger, but still not large enough to let the sugar pass through, what would happen during osmosis in the U-shaped tube compared to what is shown in the figure?

A

The final water levels would be the same as shown in the figure, but the solutions would reach near equal concentrations faster.

139
Q

because membranes are fluid, membrane proteins and phospholipids can drift about in the membrane

the diverse proteins found in and attached to membranes perform many important functions

The framework of a membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment inside and outside of the cell and their hydrophobic tails clustered in the center.

A

Which statements about the fluid mosaic structure of a membrane are correct? Select the three correct statements.

140
Q

In this diagram of the plasma membranes of two adjoining cells, identify the protein indicated by the white arrow, including its function.

A

a receptor protein that binds with a signaling molecule and relays the message into the cell by activating other molecules inside the cell

141
Q

You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. For this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells.

Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells?

A

the similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules that are transported into the target cells

142
Q

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?

A

hypothalamus

143
Q

Which of these hormones are responsible for the “fight or flight” response to danger?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

144
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.

A

glucocorticoids

145
Q

_____ are the main male hormones.

A

androgens

146
Q

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

147
Q

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

A

calcitonin

148
Q

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

149
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

A

prolactin

150
Q

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.

A

association with a cell’s plasma membrane

151
Q

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?

A

epinephrine and oxytocin

152
Q

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?

A

nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways

153
Q

Select all of the correct statements about transcription factors.

A

Transcription factors can switch genes off.
Transcription factors can switch genes on

154
Q

A human cell placed into a hypertonic solution is likely to

A

lose water by osmosis

155
Q

Phospholipids vary in the small molecules attached to the phosphate group. The phospholipid shown in the figure has a ( blank) attached to phosphate

A

Choline group

156
Q

Because the phosphate group and its attachments are either charged or polar, the phospholipid head is ( blank) which means it has an affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic

157
Q

A phospholipid also has two “tails” made up of two (blank) molecules, which consist of a carbonyl group with a long hydrocarbon chain attached

A

Fatty acid

158
Q

Because the c-h bonds in the fatty acid tails are relatively nonpolar, the phospholipid tails are (blank) which means they are excluded from water

A

Hydrophobic

159
Q

When a person is dehydrated, his or her IV fluids

A

should be isotonic, because either a hypertonic or hypotonic IV would damage red blood cells.

160
Q

If you are going to bake potatoes, and your potatoes are soft and dehydrated, they can be soaked in __________ to make them more firm before baking.

A

a hypotonic solution such as tap water

161
Q

A human cell placed in a hypotonic environment would

A

take up water through osmosis.

162
Q

A cell that neither gains nor loses water while sitting in a solution is probably sitting in

A

an isotonic environment.

163
Q

Paramecium is a genus of protists that lives in water. It has organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate the excess water gained through osmosis. Knowing that Paramecia gain water through osmosis, we can deduce that they normally live in

A

freshwater lakes and ponds

164
Q

Many bacteria and fungi have a difficult time surviving on our food if the food is very salty. The best explanation for this is

A

that the salt in the food creates a hypertonic environment for the bacteria and fungi.

165
Q

A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor.

A

signal molecule

166
Q

A signal molecule is also known as a(n) _____.

A

ligand

167
Q

Which of these is the second of the three stages of cell signaling?

A

transduction

168
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the driving forces for diffusion of Na+ and K+ ions through their respective channels? Select all that apply.

A

-The diffusion of Na+ ions into the cell is facilitated by the Na+ concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.
-The diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell is impeded by the electrical gradient across the plasma membrane.
-The electrochemical gradient is larger for Na+ than for K+.

169
Q

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

A

oxytocin

170
Q

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.

A

they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

171
Q

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.

A

the nucleus

Bio 189A (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions