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Metabolism > Review III > Flashcards

Review III Flashcards

1
Q

2 enzymes involved in fatty AcCoA?

A
  • Acetyl CoA carboxylase: converts AcCoA to fatty AcCoA

- Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I – converts fatty AcCoA to AcCoA

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2
Q

What activates AcCoA carboxylase?

A
  • Insulin

- Citrate

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3
Q

What activates carnitine plamitoyltransferase?

A

Epinephrine

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4
Q

What is rate limiting enzyme in Fatty acid synthesis?

A

AcCoA carboxylase

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5
Q

What does AcCoA carboxylase do?

A
  • Catalyzes formation of malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA
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6
Q

Cofactor for AcCoA carboxylase?

A
  • Biotin - carries activated CO2
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7
Q

What are triglycerides converted into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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8
Q

What is HSTL?

A
  • Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

- Hormone sensitive triacylglycerol lipase

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9
Q

What is glycerol used for?

A

Used by the liver for gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

What does beta oxidation increase?

A
  • Ketone body formation

- Increases ATP which facilitates gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What supplies ATP needed for gluconeogenesis?

A

Fatty acid beta oxidation

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12
Q

What does carnitine do?

A
  • Carnitine transports fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix
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13
Q

What is Malonyl CoA?

A
  • First precursor in the synthesis of fatty acids
  • Produt of reaction catalyzed by AcCoA carboxylase
    • Decreased malonyl CoA increases fatty acid beta oxidation
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14
Q

What does Excess of malonyl CoA do?

A
  • Inhibits CPT I

- Inhibits fatty acid beta oxidation reducing ketone body formation

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15
Q

Another name for Keton body?

A
  • beta-hydroxybutyrate
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16
Q

What is HMG CoA synthase?

A
  • Converts acetyl CoA to beta-hydroxybutyrate
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17
Q

What does thiophorase do?

A

Converts beta-hydroxybutyrate to AcCoA

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18
Q

What inhibits AcCoA Carboxylase?

A
  • Increased glucagon and epinephrine inhibit acetyl CoA carboxylase
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19
Q

What does malonyl CoA do?

A

Inhbitis CPT1

20
Q

What is Mevalonate?

A

First key intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis

21
Q

What is HMG-CoA reductase?

A
  • Rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

- Forms mevalonate

22
Q

Pathway of cholesterol synthesis?

A
  • AcCoA converted to acetoacetylCoA
  • AcetoacetylCoA converted to HMG CoA
  • HMG CoA is acted on by HMG CoA reductase and NADPH generating mevalonic acid/ mevalonate
23
Q

What inhibits HMG CoA reductase?

A

Statins

24
Q

How do statins work?

A
  • Reduces cholesterol biosynthesis by stopping HMG CoA reductase
  • Leads to upregulation of LDL receptors
  • Body attempts to absorb remaining cholesterol in the blood
25
Q

What does 7 alpha hydroxylase do?

A

Degrades cholesterol to make bile acids

26
Q

What makes cholesterol esters?

A

ACAT (acyl-CoA acyltransferase)

27
Q

What transports dietary lipids?

A

Chylomicrons

28
Q

What transports endogenous lipids?

A
  • VLDL
  • IDL
  • LDL
29
Q

Functions of lipoproteins?

A
  1. Cofactor for enzymes
  2. Ligand for extracellular functional receptor
  3. Structural proteins for lipo proteins
30
Q

What does Apo-CII do?

A

Activates lipoprotein lipase

31
Q

What does Apo-AI do?

A

Activates lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

32
Q

What is Apo E?

A

– remnant receptor

33
Q

What isApo B-100?

A
  • LDL receptor

- Allows LDL to attach to the cognate LDL receptor

34
Q

What is Apo A-I?

A

– HDL receptor

35
Q

What is B-48?

A

Structural protein for chylomicrons

36
Q

What is B-100?

A

Structural protein for VLDL and LDL

37
Q

What is A-1?

A

Structural protein for HDL

38
Q

HOw does liver handle vitamin A?

A
  • When blood levels of vitamin A decrease, liver mobilizes the vitamin by hydrolyzing the retinyl ester
  • Retinol then binds to retinol-binding protein, which is then secreted into the blood
39
Q

How does liver handle vitamin D?

A
  • Transported in chylomicrons in nonesterified form
  • Major vitamin D stores – adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
  • Liver responsible for initial activation of D3 to 25 hydroxycholecalciferol
  • Liver synthesizes vitamin D-binding protein
40
Q

Where is major store of Vitamin K?

A

Skeletal muscle

41
Q

What does vitamin K do?

A

Required for prothrombin synthesis

42
Q

What usually provides fumarate?

A

Succinyl CoA

43
Q

What can provide fumarate in absence of siccinyl CoA

A

Phenylalanine
Aspartate
Tyrosine

44
Q

What usually provides succinyl CoA?

A

Alpha ketoglucarae

45
Q

What also can provide succinyl CoA?

A

Propylin CoA via:
Valine
Isoleucin

Metabolism (17 decks)

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