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Metabolism > Nutrition I > Flashcards

Nutrition I Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A
  • sum total of all processes needed to obtain, ingest, absorb and make use of materials necessary for life, growth, and tissue repair
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2
Q

What are the essential nutrients?

A 
Water
Vitamins
Minerals / trace minerals 
Electrolytes 
Ultratrace elements 
Energy sources - protein, carbs, fats
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3
Q

What is dietary reference intake?

A
  • recommended daily allowance, sufficient to meet the dietary needs of 97.5% of the population
  • Needs of population plotted out to 2 standard deviations
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4
Q

Primary source of human energy?

A

Carbs

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5
Q

Calories in 1 gram of each food category?

A

Carbs - 4 kcal/gram
Protein - 4 kcal/ gram
Lipids - 9 kcal/gram
Alcohol - 7 kcal/gram

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6
Q

Dietary recommendations for fat?

A
  1. < 30% kcal from fat

2. <10% saturated

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7
Q

Dietary recommendation for protein?

A

15% total kcal protein

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8
Q

Dietary carb recommendation?

A

55-60% total kcal carb

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9
Q

What is energy requirement?

A
  • amount food energy needed to balance expenditure in order to maintain body size, composition, and level of physical activity for long term good health
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10
Q

Situation in which extra energy is required?

A
  • Energy needed for growth in children, for milk while lactating, and for deposition of tissues during pregnancy
  • Included in requirement
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11
Q

Breakdown of energy requirements?

A

Basal metabolic rate - 60 - 70%
Dietary thermogenesis - 10%
Physical activity - 20-30% - most variable component

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12
Q

What is dietary thermogenesis?

A
  • energy needed to digest, absorb, and store consumed food
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13
Q

Which portion of energy requirement is most variable?

A

Physical activity

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14
Q

What is basal metabolic rate

A
  • Energy needed to keep you functioning at rest

- AKA: RMR

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15
Q

What tissue is most metabolically active at rest?

A

Heart

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16
Q

Do obese people have difference in RMR?

A

No, not when only metabolically active tissues are taken into account

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17
Q

Conditions demonstrating lower RMR?

A

Hypothyroidism
Anorexia
Down Syndrome
Low cal diets / starvation

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18
Q

Conditions demonstrating higher RMR?

A

Parkinsons
Hyperthyroidism
Asthma
Hypermetabolic states: burns, injuries, sepsis

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19
Q

Only real way in increase metabolic rate?

A
  • Increase muscle mass, diets cannot do this
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20
Q

What is a reason RMR drops as you get older?

A

Muscle mass drops

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21
Q

What does caloric restriction do to RMR?

A

Drops it

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22
Q

What is Beta hydroxybutyrate?

A

Ketone bodies

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23
Q

Another name for ketone bodies?

A

Beta hydroxybutyrate

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24
Q

What happens to protein metabolism in prolonged fast?

A

During prolonged fast, utilization of endogenous AAs drop in order to maintain body protein

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25
Q

Various BMI categories?

A

> 30 Obese
25 Overweight
18.5 Healthy
< 18.5 CED - chronically energy deficient

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26
Q

Can BMI predict body fat?

A

No

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27
Q

Healthy body fat % for men and women?

A

Healthy range for woman 20 - 25%

Healthy range for men 5 - 20%

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28
Q

What can low body fat cause?

A

Amenorrhea
Cold intolerance
Excessive use of protein stores for energy

29
Q

What is PEM?

A

Protein energy malnutrition

30
Q

What can chronic mild PEM cause?

A

Chronic mild PEM can lead to stunting of growth

31
Q

How is underweight defined in children?

A
  • weight for age 2 SD below mean

- Caused by mild acute PEM

32
Q

What is wasting?

A

Wasting - Weight for height > 2 SD below mean

33
Q

What can acute PEM cause?

A

Wasting/underweight

34
Q

What is marasmus?

A
  • sever wasting, typified by loss of fat stores and muscle: thing limbs and old mans face
  • can be corrected with proper nutrition
35
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A
  • manifestations of inadequate protein
  • Often referred to as protein malnutrition
  • Loss of fat and muscle
  • Also Edema, impaired renal function, fatty liver, irritable, depigmented rusty red hair and skin
36
Q

Up until what age can affects of PEM be salvaged

A

5 yo

37
Q

What can PEM be seen secondary to?

A

Hypercatabolic disease

38
Q

What is real risk of PEM?

A

Increased vulnerability to secondary infections that will end up killing you

39
Q

Forms of dietary lipids and which is most prominent?

A
  • cholesterol, triglycerides, phytosterols

- Triglycerols most prominent

40
Q

What are triglycerols made of?

A

3 fatty acids esterified to glycerol

41
Q

What are saturated fatty acids and where are they found?

A
  • no double bonds, solid at room temp
  • associated with hypercholesterolemia/CVD
    Found in animals palm and coconut oils
42
Q

What lipid is solid at room temp?

A

Saturated - it is the marbeling you see in steak

43
Q

What lipid is associated with hypercholesteremia & CVD?

A

Saturated

44
Q

What are Monounsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • Double bond at 9th carb, at least 12 carbons

- Not associated with hypercholesterolemia or decreased HDL or CVD

45
Q

What are polysaturated fats?

A
  • Many double bonds
  • Liquids at room temp
  • Associated with lower LDL and can also lower HDL
46
Q

What fats are liquid at room temp?

A

Polysaturated

47
Q

What fat associated with lol LDL and HDL?

A

Poly

48
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic - Omega 6, two double bonds

Alpha linolenic - omega 3, 3 double bonds

49
Q

Another name for omega 6?

A

Linoleic

50
Q

Another name for omega 3?

A

Alpha linolenic

51
Q

What happens in essential fatty acid deficiency?

A
  • very dry, scaly dermatitis & infertility
  • Very rare
  • Can be seen in very low fat diets, premature babies, CF, injuries or sepsis, MS
52
Q

Two types of omega 3s?

A

EPA

DHS

53
Q

Importance of omega 3?

A

Likely critical for neural and retinal tissue development

54
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Trans fats are man made product via hydrogenation turning liquid oils into solids
Reduced rotational mobility of fatty acyl chain

55
Q

What is insoluble fiber good for?

A
  • Less impact on lowering cholesterol, include cellulose – - Good for improving bowel health
56
Q

Sources of soluble fiber?

A

Legumes, oats, fruits, veggies, nuts

57
Q

Benefits of soluble fiber?

A

Implicated in lower cholesterol
Sequester bile acid in gut decreasing resorption
Reduce rate of insulin rise by slowing carb absorption
Stimulate production of short chain FAs which inhibit cholesterol synthesis

58
Q

Fuel sources during fasting?

A

Glucose: CNS, RBC, WBC

FA/Ketone: hearty, kidneys, muscles

59
Q

Fuel source after weeks of starvation?

A

Ketone use increases in CNS
Glucose in blood cells
Fatty acids heart, kidney muscle etc

60
Q

How are trans fats made?

A

Manufactured to change a double bond from cis to trans position

61
Q

What do trans fats do?

A

Increase LDL lower HDL

62
Q

How is RMR measured?

A

Indirect calorimetry - calculation of heat produced by measuring CO2 production and O2 consumption

63
Q

What is consequence of high body fat?

A

Type II diabetes

64
Q

One population with low BMR leading to weight gain?

A

Pima indians

65
Q

What does BMR decrease in starvation?

A

Loss of mass and down regulation of body functions such as HR, respiration, cell production

66
Q

What type of fats are the essentials?

A

Polys

67
Q

What are omegan 3s required for?

A

Nerual tissue development and vision

68
Q

Where do soluble fibers come from?

A

Legumes and fruits

Metabolism (17 decks)

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