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Metabolism > Nutrition II > Flashcards

Nutrition II Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A
  • group of organic compounds required in diet in small amounts for normal health and metabolic activity
  • As a group have little in common chemically or in metabolic function
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2
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins found and what are functions?

A
  • tend to be stored in body in adipose tissue or liver
  • Precursor of D found in dermis & epidermis
  • Wide range of functions
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3
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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4
Q

Functions of water soluble vitamins and where are they stored?

A
  • primarily function as coenzymes and tend to be excreted
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5
Q

What are the water soluble vitamines?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, biotin, folic acid, C, pantothenic acid

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6
Q

Any benefits of vitamins above daily requirement?

A

No

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7
Q

What is retinal?

A

Vit A

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8
Q

Another name for vitamin A?

A

Retinal?

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9
Q

What does retinal deficiency cause?

A

Deficiency can cause plaque in eyes and dry skin or alopecia

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10
Q

What is Cholecalciferol?

A

Vitamin D

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11
Q

Another name for vitamin D?

A

Cholecalciferol

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12
Q

What is Tocopherol?

A

Vitamin E

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13
Q

Another name for vitamin E?

A

Tocopherol

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14
Q

What is Phylloquinone?

A

Vitamin K

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15
Q

Another name for vitamin K?

A

Phylloquinone - K

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16
Q

What are caratenoids?

A
  • Form of Vitamin a in vegetables, precursor to retinoids

- Pigmented yellow to red and can be stored in body

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17
Q

Can humans synthesize caratenoids?

A

No, only plants

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18
Q

Active forms of vitamin A?

A

Retinaldehyde/Retinoic acid

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19
Q

Function of vitamin A?

A
  • Nuclear modulator of gene expression Critical in early embryogenesis in development of limbs, heart, eyes, ears
  • In adults is critical in epithelial cell differentiation
    Prosthetic group of visual pigment
  • Required for cell mediated & antibody related immune respsonse
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20
Q

Which form of vitamin A plays role in gene expression?

A

Retinoic Acid

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21
Q

Form of Vitamin A involved in cell differentiation?

A
  • Retinaldehyde
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22
Q

Early sign of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness

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23
Q

Signs of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • dedifferentiation of epithelial cells
  • Hyperkeratosis
  • Poor appetite
  • Poor Growth
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Cardinal sign of vitamin A deficiency
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24
Q

What is Xerophthalmia?

A

Dryness and dedifferentiation of eye cells leading to blindness and eyes becoming gooey mess

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25
Q

What is Hyperkeratosis?

A
  • hard rough nodules under skin
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26
Q

Cardinal sign of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Xerophthalmia

27
Q

What causes bright red gums?

A

Vitamin A toxicity

28
Q

Where does vitamin D come from?

A
  • hormone that is mostly internally produced from cholesterol
  • Foods are fortified with it so we can get it from diet in this manner
  • Cholesterol is precursor that is activated by radiation from sun
29
Q

How is vitamin D activated?

A
  • Cholesterol is precursor that is activated by radiation from sun
  • Goes to liver to be modified
  • Unactivated form leaving liver is what is measured clinically
    Goes to kidney to become activated
30
Q

What form of vitamin D is clinical measurement?

A
  • Unactivated form leaving liver is what is measured clinically
31
Q

What does vitamin D do and what does it do this with?

A

Vitamin D and PTH regulate Ca balance

32
Q

What type of people have vitamin D issues?

A

Dark skinned people absorb less sun so tend to be more deficient

33
Q

Functions of vitamin D?

A
  • Works on intestine to increase Ca absorption
  • Works on kidney to increase Ca reabsorption
  • And one bone to increase Ca resorption
34
Q

What happens in vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Rickets - failure to deposit appropriate minerals in matrix of cartilage in children
  • Characterized by bowed legs in second year of life when kids begin to walk
  • Frontal bones of skull prominent and bossed from delayed fontanelle closing
  • Bilateral indentation of lower ribs at level of diaphragm
35
Q

Does breast milk have vitamin D?

A

No, only foods that have been fortified

36
Q

What causes rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

37
Q

What happens to adults without vitamin D?

A

Osteomalacia - stimulated mobilization of Ca & P from bone to maintain serum []
Lack of exposure to sun can cause this

38
Q

What causes Osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

39
Q

Function of vitamin E?

A
  • scavenger of free radicals and peroxyl radicals

- Inhibits platelet aggregation and increases vasodilation

40
Q

Function of vitamin K?

A
  • Regulation of blood clotting protein synthesis

- Carboxylation of bone development proteins osteocalcin and matrix GLA protein

41
Q

Does breastmilk have vitamin K?

A

No, new borns given supplement at first

42
Q

Important enzyme in vitamin K?

A

Gamma glutamyl carboxylase

43
Q

What is true about vitakin K deficiency in adults?

A
  • Rare in adults as it is prevalent in food and there are systems in liver that salvage K
  • Also produced by gut bacteria
44
Q

Manifestation of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Bleeding is primary manifestation of deficiency

45
Q

Another name for B12?

A

Thiamin

46
Q

Another name for thiamin?

A

B12

47
Q

Vitamin deficiency with chronic alcaholism?

A

Thiamin

48
Q

What enzyme does B12 work with?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

49
Q

What vitamin works with Pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

B12

50
Q

Function of B12?

A
  • coenzyme for aldehyde transfers found in oxidative decarboxylation
  • Also involved in trans ketone reactions in pentose phosphate pathway
51
Q

Large problem with B12 deficiency?

A

If inadequate thiamin for pyruvate dehydrogenase to work CAC cannot work

52
Q

What causes beriberi?

A

B12

53
Q

Signs of dry beri beri?

A
  • peripheral neuropathy, calf tenderness, bilateral wrist and ankle drop symmetric impairment of sensory motor and reflex function in limbs
  • Can’t maintain muscle tone
54
Q

Symptoms of cardiac beri beri?

A

Cardiac beriberi - edema, tachycardia, CHF in addition to neuropathy

55
Q

Another name for cerebral beri beri?

A
  • wernicke’s encephalopathy
56
Q

What happens in cerebral beriberi?

A

Mental confusion, proceeding to 6th nerve paralysis and coma

57
Q

What does ehanol do do thiamin?

A

Seen in alcoholics, ethanol impairs thiamin absorption

58
Q

What must you do if see alcoholic in ER?

A
  • If alcoholic arrives in ER must administer IV thiamin prior to glucose otherwise can result in coma and death due to hyperglycemia
  • This is because you can’t enter CAC
59
Q

Signs of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Ataxia & peripheral neuropathy

60
Q

How do retinoids work?

A

Retinoic acid binds receptor in response to element in promoter region targeting genes to activate transcription

61
Q

Thiamin function?

A

Conenzyme in metabolism of carbs and branched chain AAs

62
Q

Cardinal sign of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Xerophthalmia

63
Q

Source of vitamin E?

A

Plant oils, only plants make

64
Q

Sources of vitamin K?

A
  • Leafy greeens
  • Gut bacteria
  • Salvage system

Metabolism (17 decks)

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