Nutrition II Flashcards
1
Q
What are vitamins?
A
- group of organic compounds required in diet in small amounts for normal health and metabolic activity
- As a group have little in common chemically or in metabolic function
2
Q
Where are fat soluble vitamins found and what are functions?
A
- tend to be stored in body in adipose tissue or liver
- Precursor of D found in dermis & epidermis
- Wide range of functions
3
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
A, D, E, K
4
Q
Functions of water soluble vitamins and where are they stored?
A
- primarily function as coenzymes and tend to be excreted
5
Q
What are the water soluble vitamines?
A
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, biotin, folic acid, C, pantothenic acid
6
Q
Any benefits of vitamins above daily requirement?
A
No
7
Q
What is retinal?
A
Vit A
8
Q
Another name for vitamin A?
A
Retinal?
9
Q
What does retinal deficiency cause?
A
Deficiency can cause plaque in eyes and dry skin or alopecia
10
Q
What is Cholecalciferol?
A
Vitamin D
11
Q
Another name for vitamin D?
A
Cholecalciferol
12
Q
What is Tocopherol?
A
Vitamin E
13
Q
Another name for vitamin E?
A
Tocopherol
14
Q
What is Phylloquinone?
A
Vitamin K
15
Q
Another name for vitamin K?
A
Phylloquinone - K
16
Q
What are caratenoids?
A
- Form of Vitamin a in vegetables, precursor to retinoids
- Pigmented yellow to red and can be stored in body
17
Q
Can humans synthesize caratenoids?
A
No, only plants
18
Q
Active forms of vitamin A?
A
Retinaldehyde/Retinoic acid
19
Q
Function of vitamin A?
A
- Nuclear modulator of gene expression Critical in early embryogenesis in development of limbs, heart, eyes, ears
- In adults is critical in epithelial cell differentiation
Prosthetic group of visual pigment - Required for cell mediated & antibody related immune respsonse
20
Q
Which form of vitamin A plays role in gene expression?
A
Retinoic Acid
21
Q
Form of Vitamin A involved in cell differentiation?
A
- Retinaldehyde
22
Q
Early sign of vitamin A deficiency?
A
Night blindness
23
Q
Signs of vitamin A deficiency?
A
- dedifferentiation of epithelial cells
- Hyperkeratosis
- Poor appetite
- Poor Growth
- Xerophthalmia
- Cardinal sign of vitamin A deficiency
24
Q
What is Xerophthalmia?
A
Dryness and dedifferentiation of eye cells leading to blindness and eyes becoming gooey mess
25
What is Hyperkeratosis?
- hard rough nodules under skin
26
Cardinal sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Xerophthalmia
27
What causes bright red gums?
Vitamin A toxicity
28
Where does vitamin D come from?
- hormone that is mostly internally produced from cholesterol
- Foods are fortified with it so we can get it from diet in this manner
- Cholesterol is precursor that is activated by radiation from sun
29
How is vitamin D activated?
- Cholesterol is precursor that is activated by radiation from sun
- Goes to liver to be modified
- Unactivated form leaving liver is what is measured clinically
Goes to kidney to become activated
30
What form of vitamin D is clinical measurement?
- Unactivated form leaving liver is what is measured clinically
31
What does vitamin D do and what does it do this with?
Vitamin D and PTH regulate Ca balance
32
What type of people have vitamin D issues?
Dark skinned people absorb less sun so tend to be more deficient
33
Functions of vitamin D?
- Works on intestine to increase Ca absorption
- Works on kidney to increase Ca reabsorption
- And one bone to increase Ca resorption
34
What happens in vitamin D deficiency?
- Rickets - failure to deposit appropriate minerals in matrix of cartilage in children
- Characterized by bowed legs in second year of life when kids begin to walk
- Frontal bones of skull prominent and bossed from delayed fontanelle closing
- Bilateral indentation of lower ribs at level of diaphragm
35
Does breast milk have vitamin D?
No, only foods that have been fortified
36
What causes rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency
37
What happens to adults without vitamin D?
Osteomalacia - stimulated mobilization of Ca & P from bone to maintain serum []
Lack of exposure to sun can cause this
38
What causes Osteomalacia?
Vitamin D deficiency
39
Function of vitamin E?
- scavenger of free radicals and peroxyl radicals
| - Inhibits platelet aggregation and increases vasodilation
40
Function of vitamin K?
- Regulation of blood clotting protein synthesis
| - Carboxylation of bone development proteins osteocalcin and matrix GLA protein
41
Does breastmilk have vitamin K?
No, new borns given supplement at first
42
Important enzyme in vitamin K?
Gamma glutamyl carboxylase
43
What is true about vitakin K deficiency in adults?
- Rare in adults as it is prevalent in food and there are systems in liver that salvage K
- Also produced by gut bacteria
44
Manifestation of vitamin K deficiency?
Bleeding is primary manifestation of deficiency
45
Another name for B12?
Thiamin
46
Another name for thiamin?
B12
47
Vitamin deficiency with chronic alcaholism?
Thiamin
48
What enzyme does B12 work with?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
49
What vitamin works with Pyruvate dehydrogenase?
B12
50
Function of B12?
- coenzyme for aldehyde transfers found in oxidative decarboxylation
- Also involved in trans ketone reactions in pentose phosphate pathway
51
Large problem with B12 deficiency?
If inadequate thiamin for pyruvate dehydrogenase to work CAC cannot work
52
What causes beriberi?
B12
53
Signs of dry beri beri?
- peripheral neuropathy, calf tenderness, bilateral wrist and ankle drop symmetric impairment of sensory motor and reflex function in limbs
- Can’t maintain muscle tone
54
Symptoms of cardiac beri beri?
Cardiac beriberi - edema, tachycardia, CHF in addition to neuropathy
55
Another name for cerebral beri beri?
- wernicke's encephalopathy
56
What happens in cerebral beriberi?
Mental confusion, proceeding to 6th nerve paralysis and coma
57
What does ehanol do do thiamin?
Seen in alcoholics, ethanol impairs thiamin absorption
58
What must you do if see alcoholic in ER?
- If alcoholic arrives in ER must administer IV thiamin prior to glucose otherwise can result in coma and death due to hyperglycemia
- This is because you can’t enter CAC
59
Signs of vitamin E deficiency?
Ataxia & peripheral neuropathy
60
How do retinoids work?
Retinoic acid binds receptor in response to element in promoter region targeting genes to activate transcription
61
Thiamin function?
Conenzyme in metabolism of carbs and branched chain AAs
62
Cardinal sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Xerophthalmia
63
Source of vitamin E?
Plant oils, only plants make
64
Sources of vitamin K?
- Leafy greeens
- Gut bacteria
- Salvage system
