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Metabolism > Review - I > Flashcards

Review - I Flashcards

1
Q

Energy sources of liver?

A

Fatty acids
Glucose
Amino acids

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2
Q

Energy Sources of adipose tissue?

A

Fatty Acids

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3
Q

Energy sources of skeletal muscle?

A

At rest - fatty acids

Exertion - glucose

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4
Q

Energy sources of heart?

A

Fatty acids

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5
Q

Energy sources of neurons

A

Glucose

Ketones on starvation

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6
Q

Calories in carbs?

A

4/g

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7
Q

Calories in protein?

A

4/g

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8
Q

Calories in fats?

A

9/g

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9
Q

Calories in alcohol?

A

7/g

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10
Q

What is considered hypoglycemia?

A

Blood glucose < 60mg/dl

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11
Q

Energy source of RBC?

A

No mitochondria, need glucose

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12
Q

What does hypoglycemia cause?

A

Nerological problems
Coma
Death

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13
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

Blood glucose > 110mg/dl

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14
Q

What does hyperglycemia cause?

A
  • Type II diabetes
  • Problems with vasculature
  • Nerve damage
  • Kidney damage
  • Peripheral organ damage
  • Cardiomyopathy
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15
Q

How many carbs does brain use per day?

A

120g

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16
Q

How many carbs does skeletal muscle use per day?

A

40g

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17
Q

What is lactate?

A
  • Byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

- Produced by skeletal muscle during exercise

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18
Q

What does glycolysis generate?

A
  • Pyruvate and lactate
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19
Q

What intermediate of glycolysis enters CAC?

A

AcCoA

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20
Q

What conditions are required for CAC?

A

Aerobic, glycolysis will generate pyruvate and not lactate

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21
Q

What modulates glycogenolysis?

A
  • Mediated by epinephrine and glucagon

- Stimulated by low blood glucose

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22
Q

3 stages of glycolysis?

A
  1. Priming
  2. Splitting
  3. Ox / Redox
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23
Q

Which stage of glycolysis is ATP investment?

A

Priming

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24
Q

What happens in splitting stage?

A
  • F16BP generates dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  • Yields 2 pyruvate molecules
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25
Q

How many pyruvate come from splitting?

A

2

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26
Q

What enters splitting stage?

A

Fructose16BP

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27
Q

What is F16BP converted to?

A
  1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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28
Q

What is ATP earning stage in glycolysis?

A

Ox/redox

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29
Q

How many ATP created in glycolyis?

A

4

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30
Q

Net ATP gain in glycolysis?

A

2

31
Q

What is created when pyruvate becomes AcCoA?

A

NADH

32
Q

What is required in splitting stage?

A
  • NAD+ used to convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3 BPG

- Conversion changes NAD+ to NADH

33
Q

3 key glycolytic enzymes?

A
  1. Hexokinase/Glucokinase
  2. PFK-1
  3. Pyruvate kinase
34
Q

Characteristics of hexokinase?

A
  • Present in all cell types
  • Allosterically inhibited by its product (G6P)
  • Constitutive enzyme – constant amount found in cells
  • Low Km for glucose – high affinity
35
Q

Glucokinase characteristics?

A
  • Found in liver and pancreas
  • Translocated between nucleus (inactive) and cytosol (active)
  • F6P decreases glucokinase activity
  • Glucose increases glucokinase activity
  • Inducible enzyme – synthesis increased by insulin
  • High Km for glucose – low affinity
  • Can operate under high level of glucose in system
36
Q

What does F6P do to glucose?

A
  • F6P decreases glucokinase activity

- Promotes translocation to the nucleus

37
Q

Is gluco or hexokinase inducible?

A

Glucokinase

38
Q

Gluco or hexo kinase found in all cell types?

A

Hexokinase

39
Q

Gluco or Hexokinase have higher affinity?

A

Hexokinase, low KM

40
Q

What are the possible fates of pyruvate

A
  1. Alanine
  2. Oxaloacetate
  3. Lactate
  4. CAC
41
Q

What converts pyruvate to AcCoA?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

42
Q

What does Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency lead to?

A
  • Accumulation of pyruvate and lactate
  • Micreocephally
  • Poor muscle coordination
  • Retardation
43
Q

What leads to accumulation of pyruvate and lactate?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

44
Q

What happens in Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency?

A

Inability to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate

  • Leads to increased levels of alanine, lactate, and pyruvate
  • Developmental delay
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Recurrent seizures
45
Q

What converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

46
Q

What causes increased levels of alanine, lactate, and pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency

47
Q

What must be regenerated for glycolysis to proceed?

A

NAD+

48
Q

How does body regenerate NAD+?

A
  1. Lactate dehydrogenase
  2. Malate-aspartate shuttle
  3. Glycerol-phosphate shuttle
49
Q

What predominantly regulates NAD+ regeneration?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

50
Q

Is the Inner mitochondrial membrane impermeable to NADH or NAD?

A

NADH

51
Q

What is necessary for pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

Thiamine, Pantothenate, Riboflavin, or Niacin

52
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase do?

A

Convents pyruvate to lactate

53
Q

What does lack of lactate dehydrogenase cause?

A
  • Lack of NAD+ need in glycolysis

- Cannot maintain exercise levels

54
Q

What is lactate formation dependent on?

A

NADH levels in cell

55
Q

What does hexo/gluco kinase work on?

A

Glucose to G6P

56
Q

PFK1 work on?

A

F6P to F16BP

57
Q

What does pyruvate kinase work on?

A

Phosphoenol pyruvate to Pyruvate

58
Q

What do deydrogenases generate?

A

NADH

59
Q

Inhibitors/activators of glucose kinase

A

Inhibit: F6P
Activate: Glucse, synthesis increase by insulin

60
Q

How does pyruvate become alanine?

A

Transamination

61
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase require?

A

NAD+

62
Q

What do low levels of NADH cause?

A

Decrease lactate formation

63
Q

What is oxygen required for?

A

1 - Reoxidation of mitochondrial NADH formed from PDH

2- Reoxidation of NADH formed by shuttles

64
Q

What is required to create glucose from galactose?

A

Galactokinase

Galactose16 uridyltransferase

65
Q

What accumulates in galactosemia?

A
  1. Galacitol

2. Galactose1P

66
Q

Which form of galactosemia is most common and severe?

A

Galactose1P uridyltransferase

67
Q

What is symptom of galactosemia?

A

Cataracts

68
Q

How is galactosemia inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive

69
Q

What can you not give galactosemic child?

A

Milk

70
Q

How is fructose intolerance inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive

71
Q

Symptoms of fructose intolerance?

A

Hypoglycemia
Jaundice
Vomiting
Hepatic failure

72
Q

What does aldolase B deficiency cause?

A

Fructose intolerance

73
Q

What accumulates in fuctose intolerance?

A

Fructose
Uric Acid
Lactic acid

Metabolism (17 decks)

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