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First Year Comprehensive Review > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

?

A

Bankart lesion

  • Bankart lesions are injuries specifically at the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labral complex and represent a common complication of anterior shoulder dislocation.
  • They are frequently seen in association with a Hill-Sachs defect.
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2
Q

?

A

Hill-Sachs defects are a posterolateral humeral head depression fracture, resulting from the impaction with the anterior glenoid rim, and indicative of an anterior glenohumeral dislocation. It is often associated with a Bankart lesion of the glenoid.

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3
Q

Beneficence = ?

A

Beneficence: Promote good of others, besensitive topatients fears/needs related to their care; standards of excellence in care

  • Acting in patients best interest by preventing harm and promoting the greater good.

Includes:

  • Promoting the patient’s overall well being
  • Choosing the best treatment available and fostering positive outcomes
  • Following procedural guidelines
  • Improving situations surrounding the patient
  • Effective patient education and open dialogue
  • Collaborative decision making
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4
Q

Autonomy = ?

A

Autonomy: Self-determination

  • Autonomy requires that the wishes of competent individuals must be honored
  • Competent individuals have the right to make decisions regarding their care, and the right to refuse all treatment after options/consequences of refusal have been explained to them.
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5
Q

Laboratory Tests

Fasting Blood Glucose:

  • Normal = ?
  • Prediabetes = ?
  • Diabetes = ?
A

- Fasting Blood Glucose

  • Normal = < 100 mg/dl
  • Prediabetes = 100-125 mg/dl
  • Diabetes = > or =126 mg/dl
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6
Q

Laboratory Tests

HbA1c:

  • Normal = ?
  • Prediabetes = ?
  • Diabetes = ?
A

HbA1c:

  • Normal = < 5.7%
  • Prediabetes = 5.7- 6.4%
  • Diabetes = > or =6.5%
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7
Q

Medial corticospinal tracts = ? muscles

A

Medial corticospinal tracts

  • Neck, shoulder and trunk muscles
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8
Q

Reticulospinal tract = ? muscles

A

Reticulospinal tract

  • Bilateral postural muscles and gross limb movements
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9
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal tract = ? muscles

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

  • Postural muscles
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10
Q

Medial vestibulospinal tract = ?

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract

  • Neck muscles
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11
Q

MS =

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

- Pathology: Autoimmune disease causing demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS).

- Primary Affected Areas: Brain and spinal cord.

- Symptoms:

  • Visual disturbances (optic neuritis).
  • Muscle weakness and spasticity.
  • Coordination and balance problems (ataxia).
  • Sensory disturbances (numbness, tingling).
  • Fatigue.
  • Cognitive impairment.
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12
Q

MG =

A

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

- Pathology: Autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction.

- Primary Affected Areas: Skeletal muscles, particularly those controlling the eyes, face, and swallowing.

- Symptoms:

  • Muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
  • Ptosis (drooping eyelids).
  • Diplopia (double vision).
  • Difficulty swallowing and speaking.
  • Generalized weakness in severe cases.
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13
Q

GBS =

A

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

- Pathology: Acute autoimmune disorder causing demyelination and/or axonal damage in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

- Primary Affected Areas:
Peripheral nerves.

- Symptoms:

  • Rapid onset of muscle weakness, typically starting in the legs and ascending.
  • Areflexia (absence of reflexes).
  • Sensory disturbances (pain, numbness, tingling).
  • Autonomic dysfunction (e.g., heart rate and blood pressure changes).
  • Potential respiratory muscle involvement (can require mechanical ventilation).
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14
Q

Clinical prediction rules for hip OA

A
  • Hip IR less than or equal to 15 degrees
  • Pain with hip internal rotation
  • Duration of morning stiffness of the hip less than 60 minutes
  • Age greater than 50 years old
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15
Q

Which of the quadriceps muscles crosses both the hip and the knee joints ?

A

Rectus Femoris

  • Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and the superior part of the acetabulum.
  • Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
  • Function: Flexes the hip and extends the knee.
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16
Q

Broca’s Aphasia vs. Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

- Broca’s Aphasia (Expressive Aphasia)

  • Location of Lesion: Typically located in the left frontal lobe, specifically in Broca’s area (Brodmann area 44 and 45).
  • Speech Production:
    Non-fluent, effortful, and halting speech.
  • Speech Comprehension: Relatively preserved; patients understand spoken language better than they can produce it.

- Wernicke’s Aphasia (Receptive Aphasia)

  • Location of Lesion: Typically located in the left temporal lobe, specifically in Wernicke’s area (Brodmann area 22).
  • Speech Production:
    Fluent, but often nonsensical speech.
    Speech may include paraphasias (substitution of incorrect words) and neologisms (made-up words).
    Sentences have normal grammar and syntax but lack meaning (jargon aphasia).
  • Speech Comprehension: Severely impaired; patients have difficulty understanding spoken language.
17
Q

Ottawa Foot Rules = ?

A
  • Bone Tenderness at the Base of the Fifth Metatarsal: Palpation elicits pain at the base of the fifth metatarsal (the bony bump on the outer side of the foot).
  • Bone Tenderness at the Navicular Bone: Palpation elicits pain at the navicular bone (the bony prominence on the inner side of the midfoot).
  • Inability to Bear Weight: The patient is unable to take four steps both immediately after the injury and in the emergency department or doctor’s office.
18
Q

The differences between upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions ?

A

- Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Lesions

  • Location of Lesion: Central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord (cortex, brainstem, corticospinal tract).
  • Muscle Weakness: Present.
  • Muscle Atrophy: Mild or none; disuse atrophy may occur over time.
  • Fasciculations: Absent.
  • Muscle Tone: Increased (spasticity).
  • Reflexes: Hyperreflexia (increased deep tendon reflexes), clonus may be present.
  • Babinski Sign: Positive (toes extend/fan out when the sole is stimulated).
  • Other Signs: Pronator drift, spastic paralysis, and presence of pathologic reflexes (e.g., Hoffmann’s sign).

- Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions

  • Location of Lesion: Peripheral nervous system, including the anterior horn cell, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscles.
  • Muscle Weakness: Present.
  • Muscle Atrophy: Significant; due to denervation.
  • Fasciculations: Present; visible muscle twitches due to spontaneous depolarization of motor units.
  • Muscle Tone: Decreased (flaccidity).
  • Reflexes: Hyporeflexia or areflexia (decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes).
  • Babinski Sign: Negative (toes flex or remain neutral when the sole is stimulated).
  • Other Signs: Flaccid paralysis, muscle cramps, and absence of pathologic reflexes.
19
Q

Murphy’s Sign = ?

A

Murphy’s sign is a clinical test used to diagnose cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder).

- Procedure:

Patient Position: The patient lies supine (on their back) with their knees slightly bent to relax the abdominal muscles.

Examiner Technique:

  • The examiner places their fingers or thumb under the patient’s right costal margin (right upper quadrant of the abdomen) at the midclavicular line, where the gallbladder is located.
  • The patient is then asked to take a deep breath.

Positive Murphy’s Sign:

  • The test is considered positive if the patient experiences a sudden, sharp increase in pain and abruptly stops inhaling due to discomfort when the examiner’s fingers or thumb apply pressure under the right costal margin during deep inspiration.
  • A positive Murphy’s sign suggests acute cholecystitis.
20
Q

Whats Panners disease ?

A

Panner’s disease is an osteochondrosis that affects the capitellum of the humerus. It is a self-limiting condition characterized by the necrosis and regeneration of the ossification center in the capitellum.

  • Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum, which tends to affect older children and adolescents and may have a less favorable prognosis.
21
Q

Klumpke’s sign = ?

A

Klumpke’s Palsy (Klumpke’s Paralysis)

  • Klumpke’s palsy is a form of brachial plexus injury that involves the lower roots (C8 and T1) of the brachial plexus. It primarily affects the muscles and sensation in the forearm and hand.

Sensory Deficits:

  • Loss of sensation along the medial aspect of the arm, forearm, and hand (corresponding to the C8 and T1 dermatomes).

Physical Examination:

  • Claw Hand Deformity: The characteristic position of the hand due to paralysis of the intrinsic hand muscles.
  • Tinel’s Sign: Tapping over the brachial plexus may elicit tingling or pain along the distribution of the affected nerves.
  • Motor and Sensory Testing: Testing for weakness and sensory loss in the distribution of C8 and T1.
22
Q

Common location for Duodenal Ulcer = ?

A

Duodenal Ulcer: A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the lining of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine immediately following the stomach.

  • Common Location: First Part of the Duodenum: Duodenal ulcers most commonly occur in the superior part of the duodenum, also known as the duodenal bulb or cap.
23
Q

PNF

A
24
Q

What gait?

25
Q

What gait?

First Year Comprehensive Review (18 decks)

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