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First Year Comprehensive Review > Neuro Review 2.0 > Flashcards

Neuro Review 2.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Lesion of primary motor cortex = ?

A

- Contralateral paresis and loss of fractionation of movement

  • Lower face and distal limbs are affected most

- Dysarthria = speech disorder that is characterized by poor articulation, respiration, and/or phonation.

  • Difficulty involves the mechanics of producing sound accurately, not grammar or finding words
  • Production of speech is impaired, language generation and comprehension are unaffected
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2
Q

What is the most common cerebrovascular disease?

A

Stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease.

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3
Q

What are the primary divisions of the brain?

A

The brain is divided into the

  • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
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4
Q

What structures are part of the telencephalon?

A

The telencephalon includes the cerebral hemispheres.

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5
Q

What structures are found in the diencephalon?

A
  • The diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
  • The diencephalon acts as a primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control.

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6
Q

Name two structures in the mesencephalon.

A

The tectum and tegmentum are part of the mesencephalon.

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7
Q

What structures are in the metencephalon?

A

The pons and cerebellum are part of the metencephalon.

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8
Q

What is the myelencephalon composed of?

A
  • The myelencephalon includes the medulla.
  • Medulla = The terminal part of the brainstem; It is a conduit for many ascending and descending nerve tracts that carry the information between the brain and spinal cord.
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9
Q

What is unique about dorsal and ventral directions above the longitudinal axis?

A

The terms dorsal and ventral get reversed above the longitudinal axis.

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10
Q

Where is gray matter located and what does it contain?

A

Gray matter is in the cortex and contains cell bodies.

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11
Q

Where is white matter located and what does it contain?

A

White matter is subcortical and contains axons.

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12
Q

What is the limbic cortex involved in?

A

The limbic cortex processes emotions and some types of memory.

2-Minute Neuroscience Video

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13
Q

What functions are associated with the insular cortex?

A

The insular cortex is involved in autonomic visceral functions and taste.

  • Autonomic visceral functions refer to the involuntary activities controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that regulate the function of internal organs (viscera)
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14
Q

What is the primary function of the precentral gyrus?

A

The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4).

  • The Primary Motor Cortex = Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements.
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15
Q

What are the supplementary and premotor areas involved in?

A

They are involved in planning and coordinating movement (Brodmann area 6).

  • Premotor and Supplementary Motor Cortex – this region is critical for the sensory guidance of movement and control of proximal and trunk muscles, and contributes to the planning of complex and coordinated motor movements.
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16
Q

Where is Broca’s area located and what is its function?

A

Broca’s area is in the frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production (Brodmann areas 44 and 45).

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17
Q

What is the primary function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

The postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3).

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18
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 41).

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19
Q

What is the primary visual cortex and where is it located?

A

The primary visual cortex is located along the calcarine sulcus (Brodmann area 17).

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20
Q

What are the functions of the secondary visual areas?

A

They are involved in visual processing and are located around the primary visual cortex (Brodmann areas 18-21).

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21
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

It is involved in executive functions such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning (Brodmann areas 8, 9, and 46).

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22
Q

What functions are associated with the parietotemporal association area?

A

This area is involved in integrating sensory information and spatial awareness (Brodmann areas 39, 40, and parts of 7, 9, 21, 22, and 37).

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23
Q

What is the ventral prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

It is involved in social behavior and decision-making (Brodmann areas 11, 44, 45, and 47).

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24
Q

What is the medial dorsal prefrontal cortex involved in?

A

It is involved in self-referential thinking and memory (Brodmann areas 8, 9, and 10).

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25
Q

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

A

The thalamus acts as a relay station, processing and transmitting sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

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26
Q

What pathway is responsible for pain and temperature sensation?

A

The spinothalamic pathway.

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27
Q

Which pathway transmits touch and proprioception information?

A

The dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway.

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28
Q

Where are relay nuclei located in the thalamus?

A

In the ventral tier of the lateral group.

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29
Q

What do association nuclei in the thalamus process?

A

They process emotional and memory information and integrate different types of sensations.

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30
Q

What is the role of nonspecific nuclei in the thalamus?

A

They regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention.

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31
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus regulates homeostatic functions such as temperature, hunger, and thirst.

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32
Q

What is the epithalamus responsible for?

A

It is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms and includes the pineal gland.

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33
Q

What are the main functions of the basilar part of the brainstem?

A

It contains descending motor tracts.

34
Q

What does the tegmentum part of the brainstem contain?

A

It contains ascending sensory tracts.

35
Q

What is the role of the rostral part of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

It is involved in consciousness and arousal, located in the midbrain and upper pons.

36
Q

What functions are associated with the caudal part of the RAS?

A

It is involved in motor reflexes and autonomic functions, located in the lower pons and medulla.

37
Q

What are the main functions of the pretectal area in the midbrain?

A

The tegmentum (Pretectal area) is involved in eye reflexes.

38
Q

What do the inferior colliculi in the midbrain control?

A

They control reflexive auditory responses, such as hearing your name called.

39
Q

What do the superior colliculi in the midbrain control?

A

They control reflexive eye and head movements.

40
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?

A
  • CN III - Oculomotor
  • CN IV - Trochlear
41
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

A
  • CN V - Trigeminal
  • CN VI - Abducens
  • CN VII - Facial
  • CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear
42
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
CN X - Vagus
CN XI - Accessory
CN XII - Hypoglossal

43
Q

What is the main function of the pons?

A

It is involved in facial sensation and movement, eye abduction, and facial muscle control.

44
Q

What is the main function of the medulla?

A

It controls cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activities, as well as swallowing and head and neck movements.

45
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and balance.

46
Q

How does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?

47
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Vermis
  • Paravermis
  • Lateral hemispheres
48
Q

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Spinocerebellum (gross motor)
  • Cerebrocerebellum (fine motor distal movements)
  • Vestibulocerebellum (eye and head movements)
49
Q

What types of fibers are found in the subcortical white matter?

A
  • Projection fibers
  • Association fibers
  • Commissure fibers
50
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

They participate in important behavior loops and movement regulation.

51
Q

What structures form the striatum?

A

The caudate and putamen.

link

52
Q

What structures form the lentiform nucleus?

A

The globus pallidus and putamen.

link

53
Q

What is the function of the caudate in goal-directed behavior?

A

It is involved in attention and concentration.

54
Q

How does damage to the caudate affect social behavior?

A

It can lead to impulsivity or lack of social cues.

55
Q

What is the role of the caudate in emotional regulation?

A

Damage can lead to depression and emotional blunting.

56
Q

What function is associated with the caudate in oculomotor control?

A

It is involved in decisions about directing eye movements.

57
Q

What are the ‘Go’ and ‘No-Go’ pathways in the basal ganglia?

A

They are involved in the initiation of movement or suppression of unwanted movements.

- The “Go” (Direct Pathway) pathway facilitates movement by promoting the initiation of desired actions. Here is how it works:

  • Cortex Activation
  • Striatum Activation
  • GPi/SNr Inhibition
  • Thalamus Activation
  • Movement Initiation

- The “No-Go” (Indirect Pathway) pathway inhibits movement by suppressing the initiation of undesired actions. Here is how it works:

  • Cortex Activation
  • Striatum Activation
  • GPe Inhibition
  • STN Activation
  • GPi/SNr Activation
  • Thalamus Inhibition
  • Movement Suppression
58
Q

What is the main function of the spinal cord?

A

It transmits neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body and coordinates reflexes.

59
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

It cushions the brain and spinal cord and removes waste.

60
Q

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

A
  • The primary visual cortex located in the occipital lobe (calcarine sulcus and on the adjacent gyrus), and is responsible for interpreting light/ dark, various shapes, locations of object and movements of object.
61
Q

Broca’s aphasia = ?

A

- Broca’s aphasia:

  • Occurs with damage to the Broca’s area (left hemisphere) and results in difficulty expressing oneself using language (Impaired in both speaking and writing).
62
Q

What are the neurological deficits associated with a stroke in the right anterior cerebral artery = ?

A
  • Contralateral Hemiparesis: Weakness or paralysis affecting the left side of the body, primarily in the leg and foot, due to the involvement of the motor cortex and its pathways.
  • Contralateral Sensory Loss: Sensory deficits on the left side of the body, especially in the leg and foot.
  • Apraxia: Difficulty with planning and executing movements, even though muscle strength and coordination are intact; More noticeable in the left limbs.
  • Abulia or Apathy: Lack of will or motivation, which can lead to a reduced ability to initiate and sustain purposeful activities.
  • Left-sided Neglect: Difficulty in attending to and recognizing the left side of the body and space.
  • Urinary Incontinence: Due to the involvement of the medial frontal micturition center located in the cingulate gyrus and superior frontal gyrus.
  • Gait Apraxia: Difficulty in walking due to a lack of coordination in the lower limbs, even though there is no significant weakness.
63
Q

What are the neurological deficits associated with a stroke in the left anterior cerebral artery = ?

A
  • Contralateral Hemiparesis: Weakness or paralysis affecting the right side of the body, primarily in the leg and foot.
  • Contralateral Sensory Loss: Sensory deficits on the right side of the body, especially in the leg and foot.
  • Apraxia: Difficulty with planning and executing movements, even though muscle strength and coordination are intact.
  • Aphasia: If the stroke affects the dominant hemisphere (which is typically the left side for right-handed individuals), language impairments such as Broca’s aphasia (difficulty in speech production) can occur.
  • Abulia or Apathy: Lack of will or motivation, which can lead to a reduced ability to initiate and sustain purposeful activities.
  • Gait Apraxia: Difficulty in walking due to a lack of coordination in the lower limbs, even though there is no significant weakness.
  • Urinary Incontinence: Due to the involvement of the medial frontal micturition center located in the cingulate gyrus and superior frontal gyrus.
64
Q
  • Tract = ?
A

Upper Motor Neurons

  • Medial corticospinal tracts = Neck, shoulder and trunk muscles
65
Q
  • Tract = ?
A

Upper Motor Neurons

  • Reticulospinal tract =
    Bilateral postural muscles and gross limb movements
66
Q
  • Tract = ?
A

Upper Motor Neurons

  • Lateral vestibulospinal tract =
    Postural muscles
67
Q
  • Tract = ?
A

Upper Motor Neurons

  • Medial vestibulospinal tract =
    Neck muscles
68
Q
  • Tract = ?
A

Upper Motor Neurons

  • Lateral corticospinal tracts = Fine distal movements
69
Q
  • Tract = ?
A

Upper Motor Neurons

  • Rubrospinal tract = Extension of wrist and fingers
70
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

  • A = ?
  • B = ?
  • C = ?
  • D = ?
A
  • (A) Medially located pools innervate axial and proximal muscles.
  • (B) Laterally located pools innervate distal muscles.
  • (C) Posterior pools innervate flexors.
  • (D) Anteriorly located pools in ventral horn innervates extensors.
71
Q

Signs of Upper Motor Neuron (UPN) Lesions = ?

A

Signs of Upper Motor Neuron Lesions

  • Muscle Atrophy: Disuse atrophy is the result of a lack of muscle use (UMN).
  • Spasticity – hypertonia: Usually more resistance to stretch in one direction (leads to posturing/(UMN))
  • Hyperreflexia: Excessive muscle contraction occurs when spindles are stretched as a result of excessive firing of the LMNs (UMN)
  • Clonus: Involuntary, repeating, and rhythmic muscle contractions (UMN)
  • Babinski Sign: Extension of the great toe, accompanied by fanning of the other toes.
    (UMN).
72
Q

Signs of Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions = ?

A

Signs of Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions

  • Muscle Atrophy: Denervation of skeletal muscle produces the most severe atrophy, because frequent neural stimulation, even at a level inadequate to produce muscle contraction, is essential for the health of skeletal muscle (LMN).
  • Fasciculations: Quick twitches of muscle fibers of a single motor unit visible on the skin surface (LMN).
  • Hypotonia: Abnormally low resistance to passive stretch (LMN)
  • Flaccidity: Lack of resistance to passive stretch (complete loss of muscle tone) (initially in UMN and also in LMN)
  • Hyporeflexia (LMN)
73
Q

The most common abnormal reflexes are = ?

A

Most common abnormal reflexes are:

  • Hyperreflexia (UMN)
  • Clonus (UMN)
  • Babinski Sign (UMN)
  • Hyporeflexia (LMN)
74
Q

ALS = ?

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis:

  • Condition that affects both UMN and LMNs – patients will have wide range of symptoms.
75
Q

MS = ?

A
76
Q

MG = ?

A
77
Q

GBS = ?

A
78
Q

DCML

  • Function = ?
  • Pathway = ?
  • Lesion Impact = ?
A

Dorsal Columns Medial Lemniscus Pathway:

- Function: Carries proprioception, vibration, and fine touch information.

- Pathway: Ascends ipsilaterally in the spinal cord and crosses (decussates) in the medulla.

- Lesion Impact:

  • Before Decussation (Spinal Cord): Lesions here cause ipsilateral deficits because the pathway hasn’t crossed yet.
  • After Decussation (Brainstem): Lesions here cause contralateral deficits.
79
Q

Spinocerebellar Tracts

  • Function = ?
  • Pathway = ?
  • Lesion Impact = ?
A

Spinocerebellar Tracts

- Function: Carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.

- Pathway: These tracts generally do not cross or cross twice, effectively remaining ipsilateral.

- Lesion Impact: Lesions in these tracts typically cause ipsilateral ataxia and coordination issues.

80
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

  • Function = ?
  • Pathway = ?
  • Lesion Impact = ?
A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

- Function:: Carries motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord.

- Pathway: Descends from the cortex, crosses at the medulla (pyramidal decussation), then continues ipsilaterally.

- Lesion Impact:

  • Before Decussation (Brain): Lesions cause contralateral motor deficits.
  • After Decussation (Spinal Cord): Lesions cause ipsilateral motor deficits.
81
Q
A

First Year Comprehensive Review (18 decks)

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