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First Year Comprehensive Review > Anatomy II Review > Flashcards

Anatomy II Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

A

Dendrites are the receiving end of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons.

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2
Q

What is the main function of an axon?

A

Axon transmits electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.

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3
Q

What are boutons in a neuron?

A

Boutons are the signal sending ends of a neuron.

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4
Q

What are the three protective layers surrounding nerve fibers?

A

Epineurium, Perineurium, and Endoneurium.

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5
Q

What are ascending tracts in white matter responsible for?

A

Ascending tracts are responsible for sensory pathways.

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6
Q

What are descending tracts in white matter responsible for?

A

Descending tracts are responsible for motor pathways.

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7
Q

Where are the cell bodies for lower motor neurons located?

A

In the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

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8
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root in the grey matter?

A

The dorsal root is responsible for sensory processing.

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the dorsal root located?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia outside the spinal cord.

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10
Q

In which regions is the lateral horn found?

A

The lateral horn is found only in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

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11
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc bypasses the CNS and directly sends signals from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.

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12
Q

Why are skeletal motor neuron pathways faster than visceral motor neuron pathways?

A

Skeletal motor neurons have a one-neuron pathway, while visceral motor neurons have a two-neuron pathway.

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13
Q

What constitutes the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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14
Q

What constitutes the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves.

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15
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscles.

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16
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system located?

A

In the CNS (brain or ventral cord of the spinal cord).

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17
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

It regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

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18
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

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19
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Horner’s syndrome is caused by disruption of the sympathetic nerve pathway to the face and eye.

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20
Q

What is Raynaud’s syndrome?

A

Raynaud’s syndrome involves excessive constriction of small arteries in response to cold.

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21
Q

What does the epimysium cover?

A

The epimysium covers the whole muscle.

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22
Q

What does the perimysium cover?

A

The perimysium covers bundles of muscle fibers (fasciculi).

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23
Q

What does the endomysium cover?

A

The endomysium covers individual muscle fibers.

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24
Q

What initiates the sliding filament theory?

A

An electrical impulse at the neuromuscular junction.

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25
Q

What happens when Ca++ binds to troponin?

A

Tropomyosin uncovers active sites on actin.

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26
Q

What is formed when myosin heads bind to actin?

A

Actomyosin complex.

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27
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

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28
Q

What are the two divisions of motor neurons?

A

Upper and lower motor neurons.

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29
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Subclavian, Left Common Carotid.

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30
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Pericardial sac, myocardium, endocardium.

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31
Q

How do arteries and veins differ in structure?

A

Arteries have thicker walls, veins have thinner walls and rely on valves.

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32
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs?

A

They transmit electrical signals in cardiac muscle to maintain heart rhythm.

33
Q

What do Purkinje fibers do?

A

They help spread the electrical signal rapidly through the ventricles.

34
Q

What do AV valves prevent?

A

Backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular systole.

35
Q

When do semilunar valves open?

A

Under the pressure of ventricular contraction.

36
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO = SV x HR.

37
Q

What does the P wave in an EKG represent?

A

Atrial depolarization.

38
Q

What is the normal ejection fraction (EF)?

A

Around 60%.

39
Q

What are the coronary arteries that supply the heart?

A

Right and left coronary arteries.

40
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

The site of gas exchange in the lungs.

41
Q

What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?

A

Surfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

42
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

It pushes down, increasing thoracic cavity volume and allowing air into the lungs.

43
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air that enters the body but is not available for gas exchange.

44
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

600 mL.

45
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

3000 mL.

46
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

2400 mL.

47
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

6000 mL.

48
Q

What do lacteals absorb?

A

Dietary fats.

49
Q

What does lymph reabsorb?

A

Interstitial fluid without proteins or red blood cells.

50
Q

Where does the left thoracic duct drain?

A

Into the left internal jugular and left subclavian.

51
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

GH, FSH, LH, MSH, TSH.

52
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary store and release?

A

ADH, Oxytocin.

53
Q

What hormone is released in response to consuming sugar?

A

Insulin.

54
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Insulin stores glucose.

55
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Glucagon releases stored glucose.

56
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

A

Increases metabolism.

57
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Stores calcium when blood levels are high.

58
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

A

Increases blood calcium by breaking down bone.

59
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Norepinephrine.

60
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release?

A

Aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol.

61
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron.

62
Q

What is the role of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Receives filtrate.

63
Q

What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of water and solutes.

64
Q

What is the role of the Loop of Henle?

A

Regulates urine concentration.

65
Q

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

A

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes.

66
Q

How much filtrate is produced daily?

A

Approximately 180 L/day.

67
Q

What is glucosuria?

A

Sugar in the urine.

68
Q

What does peristalsis refer to?

A

Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle.

69
Q

Where does bile from the gallbladder go?

A

Into the duodenum.

70
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Main site of absorption in the small intestine.

71
Q

What are the divisions of the colon?

A

Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, rectum, anus.

72
Q

What type of tissue is in the papillary layer?

A

Loose areolar connective tissue.

73
Q

What type of tissue is in the reticular layer?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue.

74
Q

What is a first-degree burn?

A

Burn affecting only the epidermis.

75
Q

What is a second-degree burn?

A

Burn affecting the epidermis and dermis, causing blistering.

76
Q

What is a third-degree burn?

A

Full-thickness burn destroying the epidermis, dermis, and part of the hypodermis.

77
Q

What do semicircular canals detect?

A

Movement in different planes (rotational, sagittal, frontal).

78
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

It helps maintain stable vision during head movements.

First Year Comprehensive Review (18 decks)

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