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First Year Comprehensive Review > Last effort > Flashcards

Last effort Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the humero-ulnar joint?

A

Elbow-hinge joint

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2
Q

What type of joint is the humeroradial joint?

A

Elbow-hinge joint

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3
Q

What is the primary movement allowed by the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

Supination and pronation

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4
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

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5
Q

What movements are allowed by the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Internal rotation
  • External rotation
  • Horizontal adduction
  • Horizontal abduction
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6
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Planar joint

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7
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Upward and downward rotation, internal rotation (protraction) and external rotation (retraction), anterior tilting (elevation), posterior tilting (depression)

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8
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle joint

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9
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • Protraction
  • Retraction
  • Elevation
  • Depression
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10
Q

Movements of the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward and downward rotation

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11
Q

What is the DRUJ?

A
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12
Q

What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Ellipsoid joint

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13
Q

What are the movements allowed by the radiocarpal joint?

A

Flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation

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14
Q

What type of joint is the 1st CMC joint?

A

Saddle joint

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15
Q

What are the movements allowed by the 1st CMC joint?

A

Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

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16
Q

What type of joint is the femur on pelvis?

A

Ball and socket joint

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17
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Flexion, extension, slight internal rotation and external rotation

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18
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Convex on concave joint

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19
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the talocrural joint?

A

Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, inversion

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20
Q

What type of movements occur at the subtalar joint?

A

Pronation and supination for non-weight-bearing activities

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21
Q

What type of joints are present in the C-spine and lumbar spine?

A

Planar joints

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22
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the C-spine and lumbar spine?

A

Flexion, extension, rotation

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23
Q

What is the axis of rotation typically located through in joint biomechanics?

A

Through the convex member of the joint

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24
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the shoulder joint have?

A

Three degrees of freedom

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25
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the wrist joint have?

A

Two degrees of freedom

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26
Q

What are the three fundamental movements between joint surfaces?

A

Roll, slide, and spin

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27
Q

In convex on concave joint movements, how do the roll and slide occur?

A

In opposite directions

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28
Q

In concave on convex joint movements, how do the roll and slide occur?

A

In the same direction

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29
Q

What is the closed packed position in joint biomechanics?

A

The position of maximum congruency of the joint

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30
Q

What is the loose packed position in joint biomechanics?

A

Any other position when the joint is not in the closed packed position

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31
Q

What does the stress-strain curve represent?

A

The relationship between stress and strain in materials

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32
Q

What is the elastic region in the stress-strain curve?

A

The region where the material returns to its original shape after deformation

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33
Q

What is the plastic region in the stress-strain curve?

A

The region where permanent deformation occurs

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34
Q

What is the yield point in the stress-strain curve?

A

The point where the material begins to deform permanently

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35
Q

What is the ultimate failure point in the stress-strain curve?

A

The point where the material fails or breaks

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36
Q

What is the creep phenomenon?

A

The tendency of a material to slowly deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses

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37
Q

What are internal forces in biomechanics?

A

Forces generated by muscles

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38
Q

What are external forces in biomechanics?

A

Forces acting on the body from the environment, such as gravity

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39
Q

What is the moment arm in biomechanics?

A

The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of force

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40
Q

What produces torque or moment in biomechanics?

A

The product of a force and its moment arm

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41
Q

What are the three ways a muscle produces force?

A

Isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions

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42
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Producing force without changing the muscle length

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43
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Producing force as the muscle shortens

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44
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Producing force as the muscle lengthens

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45
Q

What is kinematics?

A

The study of motion without considering the forces that cause the motion

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46
Q

What is kinetics?

A

The study of the effects of forces on the motion of a body

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47
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

The concept that bone in a healthy person will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

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48
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Leverage, support, protection, storage, blood-cell formation

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49
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells

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50
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that create bone

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51
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that resorb bone

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52
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Cortical and cancellous

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53
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

Compact, very dense outer layer of bone

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54
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Spongy, very porous inner layer of bone

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55
Q

What are the different types of bone?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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56
Q

What is Wolff’s Law in relation to bone?

A

Resorption occurs in response to decreased stress, deposition occurs in response to increased stress

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57
Q

What are the types of loading in bone biomechanics?

A

Compression, tension, shear, bending, torsional

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58
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Firm, flexible connective tissue without blood supply or nerves

59
Q

What is the primary function of ligaments?

A

To connect bone to bone

60
Q

What is a simple joint?

A

A joint with two articulating surfaces (e.g., hip)

61
Q

What is a compound joint?

A

A joint with three or more articulating surfaces (e.g., wrist)

62
Q

What is a complex joint?

A

A joint with two surfaces and an articular disc or fibrocartilage (e.g., knee)

63
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

A

To produce movement

64
Q

What is the primer mover in muscle function?

A

The muscle primarily responsible for a given movement

65
Q

What is an assistant mover in muscle function?

A

Muscles contributing to movement

66
Q

What is an agonist in muscle function?

A

Muscles creating the same joint movement

67
Q

What is an antagonist in muscle function?

A

Muscles opposing joint movement

68
Q

What is a stabilizer in muscle function?

A

A muscle that holds one segment still so a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur

69
Q

What is a neutralizer in muscle function?

A

A muscle working to eliminate undesired joint movement of another muscle

70
Q

What is the belly of a muscle?

A

The thick central portion of the muscle

71
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The outside covering of a muscle

72
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

73
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Dense connective sheath covering a fascicle

74
Q

What are muscle fibers?

A

Cells of skeletal muscle

75
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

A very fine sheath covering individual muscle fibers

76
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The thin plasma membrane branching into muscle

77
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Rod-like strands of contractile filaments

78
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of muscle cells

79
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

The specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells

80
Q

What are t-tubules?

A

Extensions of the sarcolemma that protrude into the muscle

81
Q

What is myosin?

A

The thick, dark filament in muscle fibers

82
Q

What is actin?

A

The thin, light filament in muscle fibers

83
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The unit of myosin and actin, the contractile unit of muscle

84
Q

What are the regions of the sarcomere?

A

A band, I band, H band, M line, Z discs

85
Q

What is the A band in a sarcomere?

A

The dark band consisting of thick myosin filaments

86
Q

What is the I band in a sarcomere?

A

The light band consisting of thin actin filaments

87
Q

What is the H band in a sarcomere?

A

The region in the A band where myosin and actin do not overlap

88
Q

What is the M line in a sarcomere?

A

The mid-region thickening of the myosin filament in the center of the H band

89
Q

What are the Z discs in a sarcomere?

A

The connecting points between successive sarcomeres

90
Q

What are the different types of muscle fibers?

A

Type I (slow oxidative), Type IIA (intermediate fast-twitch; oxidative-glycolytic), Type IIX (fast-twitch; glycolytic)

91
Q

What are the three ways a muscle attaches to bone?

A

Directly, via a tendon, via an aponeurosis

92
Q

What are the three functional components of the intervertebral junction?

A

Transverse and spinous processes, apophyseal joints, interbody joint

93
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

The outer layer of the intervertebral disc with collagen fibers oriented about 65 degrees from vertical

94
Q

What is the primary function of the elbow in biomechanics?

A

To allow flexion and extension movements

95
Q

What is the carrying angle of the elbow?

A

A normal valgus angle of approximately 15 degrees

96
Q

What is the average range of pronation and supination for the forearm?

A

75 degrees of pronation and 85 degrees of supination

97
Q

What is the closed packed position of the hip?

A

Full extension, slight internal rotation, and slight abduction

98
Q

What is the most hip congruency position?

A

90 degrees of flexion, moderate abduction, and external rotation

99
Q

What are the pelvic tilts and their associated movements?

A

Anterior pelvic tilt (hip flexion), posterior pelvic tilt (hip extension)

100
Q

What is active insufficiency in muscle function?

A

When a two-joint muscle cannot complete full range of motion across both joints

101
Q

What is passive insufficiency in muscle function?

A

When a two-joint muscle cannot stretch maximally across both joints

102
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction

103
Q

What is scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

For every 3 degrees of shoulder abduction, 2 degrees occur at the glenohumeral joint and 1 degree at the scapulothoracic joint

104
Q

What does the acronym ‘SICK’ scapula stand for?

A

Scapular malposition, Inferior medial border prominence, Coracoid pain and malposition, Dyskinesis of the scapula

105
Q

What is the natural angle of inclination for the femur?

A

125 degrees

106
Q

What is the Q-angle in relation to the knee?

A

The net lateral pull exerted on the patella by the quadriceps

107
Q

What is the primary function of menisci in the knee?

A

Shock absorption

108
Q

What is the screw home mechanism of the knee?

A

The locking of the knee in full extension requiring about 10 degrees of external rotation

109
Q

What is the ulnar tilt of the wrist?

A

25 degrees

110
Q

What is the palmar tilt of the wrist?

A

10 degrees

111
Q

What are the primary bones involved in the carpal tunnel?

A

Pisiform, hamate, scaphoid, and trapezium

112
Q

What are the movements allowed by the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints?

A

Flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation

113
Q

What is DISI (Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability)?

A

Lunate dislocates or subluxes facing dorsally

114
Q

What is VISI (Volar Intercalated Segment Instability)?

A

Lunate dislocates or subluxes facing volarly (palmarly)

115
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the talocrural joint?

A

Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

116
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

The arch formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and three medial metatarsals

117
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Flat feet, associated with pronation

118
Q

What is pes cavus?

A

High arch, associated with supination

119
Q

What is rearfoot varus?

A

Over-supination at toe-off

120
Q

What is rearfoot valgus?

A

Over-pronation at toe-off

121
Q

What is the closed kinetic chain pronation?

A

Hip flexion, adduction, internal rotation; knee flexion with valgus stress; lower leg internal rotation; talus adduction

122
Q

What is the tripod in foot biomechanics?

A

The points of contact at the calcaneus, fifth metatarsal, and first ray

123
Q

What is a Smith’s fracture?

A

Volar angulation of the distal radius

124
Q

What is the appearance of an osteosarcoma on imaging?

A

Sunburst pattern, onion-skinning, Codman triangle, cumulus cloud appearance

125
Q

What is a Jones fracture?

A

Fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal

126
Q

What is a high ankle sprain?

A

Injury to the syndesmotic ligaments of the ankle

127
Q

What is a Boxer’s fracture?

A

Fracture of the neck of the fifth metacarpal

128
Q

What are the Pittsburgh knee rules?

A

Clinical decision rules to determine the need for knee radiographs

129
Q

What is the terrible triad of the knee?

A

Injury involving the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus

130
Q

What is a Maisonneuve fracture?

A

Spiral fracture of the proximal fibula with disruption of the syndesmosis

131
Q

What is osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)?

A

A joint condition where a variable amount of bone and its adjacent cartilage loses its blood supply

132
Q

What is a SLAP tear?

A

Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior tear

133
Q

What are the classic findings associated with chronic rotator cuff tears?

A

Irregularity of the greater tuberosity, narrowing of the distance between the acromion and humeral head, erosion or loss of bone in the inferior aspect of the acromion

134
Q

What is the primary function of the intervertebral disc?

A

To absorb and distribute loads applied to the spinal column

135
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

A form of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation and leading to chronic pain and stiffness

136
Q

What is a teardrop fracture?

A

A fracture where a triangular fragment of bone is separated from the anteroinferior corner of the vertebral body

137
Q

What is a Clay shoveler’s fracture?

A

An avulsion fracture of a spinous process, typically occurring in the lower cervical or upper thoracic spine

138
Q

What is the function of the epimysium in muscle structure?

A

It is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle

139
Q

What is the role of the perimysium in muscle structure?

A

It surrounds groups of muscle fibers, forming a fascicle

140
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

A thin layer of connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber

141
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Repeating units called sarcomeres, which are the basic contractile units of muscle

142
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?

A

To store and release calcium ions during muscle contraction

143
Q

What is the difference between type I and type II muscle fibers?

A

Type I fibers are slow-twitch and oxidative, while type II fibers are fast-twitch and can be either oxidative-glycolytic or glycolytic

First Year Comprehensive Review (18 decks)

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