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First Year Comprehensive Review > Research & Research Stats Review > Flashcards

Research & Research Stats Review Flashcards

1
Q

The Research Question

P.I.C.O stands for = ?

A
  • P = Population, patient, problem
  • I = Intervention or exposure
  • C = comparison
  • O = Outcome
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2
Q

Components of Theories

Essential building blocks of theories = ?

A

Concepts = essential building blocks of theories

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3
Q

Components of Theories

concepts that are intangible = ?

A

Constructs = concepts that are intangible

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4
Q

Components of Theories

concepts are integrated into a generalized theory = ?

A

Propositions = concepts are integrated into a generalized theory

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5
Q

Components of Theories

A simplification of a theory; a structural representation of interrelated concepts = ?

A

Models = a simplification of a theory; a structural representation of interrelated concepts.

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6
Q

What kind of reasoning

Broad to specific = ?

A

Deductive reasoning:

  • Top-down
  • Broad to specific
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7
Q

What kind of reasoning

Specific to broad = ?

A

Inductive:

  • Bottom-up
  • Specific to broad
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8
Q

3 Pillars of EBP = ?

A
  • Best available research
  • Patient values and preferences
  • Clinical expertise
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9
Q

Levels of evidence

  • 1a = ?
  • 1b = ?
  • 2a = ?
  • 2b = ?
  • 3a = ?
  • 3b = ?
  • 4 = ?
  • 5 = ?
A
  • Level 1a: SR/MA of RCTs
  • Level 1b: RCTs
  • Level 2a: SR of Cohort Studies
  • Level 2b: Cohort studies
  • Level 3a: SR of case control studies
  • Level 3b: Case-control study
  • Level 4: case study or case series, cross sectional study
  • Level 5: Clinical experience, expert opinion, mechanism-based reasoning
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10
Q

5 A’s of EBP = ?

A
  • Ask
  • Acquire
  • Appraise
  • Apply
  • Assess
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11
Q

Four parts of informed consent = ?

A
  • Disclosure
  • Comprehension
  • Voluntariness
  • Competence
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12
Q

3 Ethical principles = ?

A
  • Respect for persons =
  • Beneficence =
  • Justice =
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13
Q

Groups who are considered vulnerable are = ?

A
  • Prisoners
  • Pregnant women
  • Children

Assent: the form of consent with children, but still need a yes from parent/legal guardian

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14
Q

Types of harm = ?

A
  • Physical: injury, side effects, or no improvement
  • Economic: cost to participate
  • Social
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15
Q

Examples of ethical issues in research = ?

A
  • Tuskegee Syphilis study: no equitable distribution
  • Nuremberg trials: lack of consent and no benefits
  • Henrietta Lacks cells: lacked consent
  • Willowbrook hospital hepatitis study: lacked consent
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16
Q

Code of ethics

First formal guidelines, voluntary consent to participate = ?

A
  • Nuremberg code: first formal guidelines, voluntary consent to participate
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17
Q

Code of ethics

Independent review of protocols = ?

A
  • Declaration of Helsinki: independent review of protocols
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18
Q

Code of ethics

Clearly stated research design, informed consent = ?

A
  • National research act: clearly stated research design, informed consent
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19
Q

Code of ethics

The common rule:

A

Belmont report: the common rule

  • Respect for persons
  • Beneficence (Do no harm)
  • Justice
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20
Q

What level of measurement ?

A

Nominal: Named Variables

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21
Q

What level of measurement ?

A

Ordinal:

  • Named
  • Ordered Variables
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22
Q

What level of measurement ?

A

Interval:

  • Named
  • Ordered
  • Propotionate interval between variables
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23
Q

What level of measurement ?

A

Ratio:

  • Named
  • Ordered
  • Propotionate interval between variables
  • Can accomodate absolute zero
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24
Q

Reproducibility and consistency of a measurement = ?

A

Reliability:

  • Reproducibility and consistency
  • Consistency of a measurement
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25
Accuracy and correctness / Alignment of the measurement with a targeted construct = **?**
**Validity**: * Accuracy and correctness * Alignment of the measurement with a targeted construct
26
Reliability is a prerequisite for **?**
Reliability is a prerequisite for **validity**
27
Types of evidence for validity
**-** **Face**: appears to test what is intended to; judged by users of a test after the test is developed **-** **Content**: do the measurements represent the concept * More commonly used in questionnaire development 3 requirements: * Must represent full scope of construct being studied * The number of items are proportionate to the importance of that component * No irrelevant items **-** **Criterion-related**: can the outcomes of the test/instrument establish a gold standard, Highest and most objective form, and measured by correlation coefficients. * **Concurrent**: scores from a new measure correlate with scores from a well-known measure * **Predictive**: outcome of target test can be used to predict a future criterion score or outcome **-** **Construct**: reflects the ability of an instrument to measure the theoretical dimensions of a construct * Cannot observe but can measure! * **Convergence**: correlation with groups that go hand in hand * **Divergence**: low correlation on different tests
28
Types of measurement error = **?** ## Footnote *2*
* **Systematic error**: always overestimating or underestimating * **Random error**: due to chance; unpredictable
29
Sources of measurement error = **?** ## Footnote *3*
* **Rater**: error in perception or reporting of measurement * Instrument * Variability of characteristic being observed
30
# Quantifying reliability Relative reliability **vs**. Absolute reliability = **?**
* **Relative reliability**: ratio of total variability between scores to variability within scores * **Absolute reliability**: how much of a measured value is likely due to error; expressed in same units as measurement
31
# *ICC scores* * ICC > 0.9 = **?** * ICC > 0.8 = **?** * ICC > 0.75 = **?** * ICC < 0.75 = **?**
* ICC > **0.9** = best for clinical measures * ICC > **0.8** = acceptable * ICC > **0.75** = good * ICC < **0.75** = poor to moderate
32
Types of reliabilities = **?** ## Footnote *6*
**-** **Test - retest**: * An instrument/ tool is capable of measuring a variable consistently * Conditions that noticeably change over time are not good for this **-** **Intra-rater** * “with-in raters”: degree that examiner agrees with themselves * Rater bias: when one rater takes 2 measurements; influenced by memory of 1st score **-** **Inter-rater** * “between” raters: 2+ raters who measure the same group of people * Best assessed in a single trial **-** **Internal consistency**: * Often used to construct and evaluate scales/questionnaires * Estimates how well the items that reflect the same construct yield similar results **-** **Internal consistency – split half**: * Take all questions, divide (odd-even), and compare halves **-** **Alternate form**: * To see if 2 versions of the same instrument are equivalent
33
MDC **vs.** MCID = **?**
Responsiveness: **-** **Minimal detectable change** (MDC) * Value at which observed change is NOT measurement error * Below this score = measurement error **-** **Minimally clinically important difference** (MCID) * Ability of an instrument to detect minimally important change
34
Components of Pedro = **?**
1. Eligibility criteria were specific 2. Random assignment 3. Allocation concealed 4. Were the groups similar at baseline 5. Subject blinding 6. Therapists 7. Raters 8. Key outcome measure in >/= 85% of subjects 9. Intention to treat 10. Was there between-group statistical compairson for at least one key outcome 11. Is there a point measure and measure of variability for at least one outcome
35
* Probability of type 1 error = **?** * Probability of type 2 error = **?**
* **Alpha**: Probability of type 1 error (set before the study) * **Beta**: Probability of type 2 error
36
**?**
**Type I Error** (False positive)
37
**?**
**Correct outcome** (True positive)
38
**?**
**Correct outcome** (True negative)
39
**?**
**Type II Error** (False negative)
40
calculated probability of type 1error = **?**
**p-value**: calculated probability of type 1error (calculated after the study)
41
calculated value for t-test = **?**
**t-statistic**: calculated value for t-test
42
calculated value for ANOVA = **?**
**F-statistic**: calculated value for ANOVA
43
equal variances for RM ANOVA = **?**
**Mauchly’s W**: equal variances for RM ANOVA * **r**: correlation coefficient * **r2**: the percent variance in one variable explained by the other
44
effect size for t-test = **?**
**Cohen’s d**: effect size for t-test
45
effect size for ANOVA = **?**
**Eta squared**: effect size for ANOVA
46
reliability for continuous data (unitless) = **?**
**ICC**: reliability for continuous data (unitless)
47
reliability for categorical data (unitless) = **?**
**Kappa**: reliability for categorical data (unitless)
48
measure of internal consistency = **?**
**Cronbach’s alpha**: measure of internal consistency
49
Three things we need to know about **confidence intervals** = ?
**-** **Point estimate**: a single value that represents the best estimate of the population value **-** **Confidence interval**: a range of values that we are confident contains the confidence interval **-** **95% Confidence interval**: If we were to repeat sampling many times, 95% of the time the confidence interval would contain the true population mean.
50
# Multiple comparison tests * Independent groups ANOVA = **?** * Repeated MeasuresANOVA = **?**
Multiple comparison tests - **Anova** * **Independent groups**: Fisher’s, Tukey’s HSD, Bonferroni * **Repeated Measures**: Fisher’s, Sidak’s, Bonferroni
51
# Equal Variances - Levene’s Test What should we know about p-values = **?**
Equal Variances - Levene’s Test * p < 0.05 variances **are not** equal * P > 0.05 variances **are** equal ## Footnote This is done before the interpretation of the results of the t-test or ANOVA
52
Utilized for a one-way RM ANOVA and is interpreted the same as Levene’s = **?**
Mauchly’s W is utilized for a one-way RM ANOVA and is interpreted the same as Levene’s.
53
How can we increase power = **?**
* increase alpha * increase effect size * decrease variance * increase sample size
54
# *Strength of correlations* * 0-0.25 = **?** * 0.25-0.5 = **?** * 0.5-0.75 = **?** * 0.75-1.0 = **?**
Strength of correlations * 0-0.25 = None to low * 0.25-0.5 = Low to medium * 0.5-0.75 = Medium to strong * 0.75-1= Strong
55
# *Correlations - Effect Size* * 0-0.1= **?** * 0.1-0.3 = **?** * 0.3-0.5 = **?**
**Effect size** * 0-0.1= Low * 0.1-0.3 = Medium * 0.3-0.5 = Large
56
# Relative Risk RR of 1.5 means that those with exposure are = **?**
**Relative Risk** * Used for ***cohort*** studies * Classify participants by ***exposure*** * RR of 1.5 means that those with exposure are 1.5 times more likely to develop the outcome
57
# Odds ratio OR of 1.5 means that the odds of the outcome are = **?**
**Odds ratio** * Used for ***case control*** studies * Classify participants by ***outcome*** * OR of 1.5 means that the odds of the outcome are 1.2 times higher in those that have been exposed
58
Number needed to treat **vs.** Number needed to harm
* **Number needed to treat** = The number of patients needed to treat to avoid one poor outcome * **Number needed to harm** = The number of patients needed to treat to cause one poor outcome
59
# Diagnostic accuracy * Sensitivity = **?** * Specificity = **?** * Positive Likelihood Ratio = **?**
* **Sensitivity**: The probability of detecting a true positive * **Specificity**: The probability of detecting a true negative
60
Positive Likelihood Ratio **vs.** Negative Likelihood Ratio
**-** **Positive Likelihood Ratio**: the likelihood that a person who tests positive has the condition * 1-2 = Small * 2-5 = Small, sometimes important * 5-10 = Moderate * 10+ = Large and often conclusive shift **-** **Negative Likelihood Ratio**: The likelihood that a person who tests negative has the condition * 0.5-1= Small * 0.2-0.5 = Small, sometimes important * 0.1-0.2 = Moderate shift * < 0.1= Large and often conclusive shift
61
**?**
Mann-Whitney U
62
**?**
IG ANOVA
63
**?**
Krusal-Wallis ANOVA
64
**?**
Paired T-Test
65
**?**
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank
66
**?**
RM ANOVA
67
**?**
Friedman's ANOVA
68
**?**
Unpaired T-Test
69
**?**
Pearon's r
70
**?**
Spearman's rho
71
**?**
Exposure - Relative Risk
72
**?**
Outcome - Odds Ratio
73
**?**
Chi Square

First Year Comprehensive Review (18 decks)

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