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First Year Comprehensive Review > Pathophysiology Review > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

Essential nature of disease(s) their effects/changes in organs and tissues

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Mechanism of dysfunction

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

How a disease develops

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4
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Physical protection
  • Absorption
  • Filtration
  • Secretion
  • Permeability
  • Regeneration
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5
Q

What are the shapes and locations of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Squamous (thin/flat)
  • Cuboidal (cube): surface of ovary and thyroid
  • Columnar (column): lines intestine
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6
Q

What are the layers of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Simple: designed for filtration absorption or secretion.
  • Stratified: more than one layer of cells designed to protect body surfaces.
  • Pseudostratified: forms lining of most of the upper respiratory tract.
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7
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood and lymph

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8
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome?

A

A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue with widespread negative impacts, including tall slender build, long limbs, and risk of aortic aneurysm

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9
Q

What are the types and characteristics of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal (striated, voluntary, long and cylindrical)
  • Cardiac (short, branched, striated, involuntary)
  • Smooth (not striated, spindle-shaped, involuntary)
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10
Q

What is the Sliding Filament Theory?

A

T Tubules carry action potential to the muscle interior; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases calcium; Calcium binds to Troponin C, exposing binding sites on actin for cross bridge formation

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11
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in cell size due to disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, or ischemia

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12
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size, commonly seen in heart and skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number, occurring in tissues capable of mitotic division, such as epidermis and intestinal epithelium

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14
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Replacement of one cell type by another, as seen in GERD or smoker’s lung

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15
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered growth, a precursor to cancer

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16
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A normal physiologic process for protection and repair, becomes pathological when chronic

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17
Q

What is the vascular phase of inflammation?

A

Vasodilation, increased permeability, exudate flow, and localized clotting

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18
Q

What is the cellular response in inflammation?

A

Chemotaxis, WBC adhesion and transmigration, neutrophils as first responders, macrophages for cleanup

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19
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A
  • Inflammation (phase 1)
  • Proliferation and migration (phase 2)
  • Remodeling and maturation (phase 3)
20
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Non-specific first response to pathogens

21
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Specific response mediated through memory cells and antibodies

22
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Recognize free-floating pathogens

23
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Seek out and destroy hidden pathogens

24
Q

What is blood composition and RBC lifespan?

A

Blood consists of plasma (55%) and RBCs (45%). Normal RBC lifespan is 120 days.

25
Q

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

A

Caused by low iron, characterized by microcytic and hypochromic RBCs, and symptoms like fatigue

26
Q

What is Megaloblastic Anemia?

A

Caused by B12 or folic acid deficiency, characterized by large RBCs, and symptoms like bleeding gums and paresthesia

27
Q

What is Hemolytic Anemia?

A

Excessive and premature destruction of RBCs, such as in sickle cell disease and thalassemia

28
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

Condition with too many platelets leading to excessive clotting

29
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Condition with too few platelets leading to increased bleeding risk

30
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Inherited bleeding disorders primarily affecting males, concern for bleeding in soft tissues

31
Q

What are the layers of the gastrointestinal system?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

32
Q

What is GERD?

A

Reflux of gastric acid due to decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure, leading to cell metaplasia

33
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Right lower quadrant pain, potentially referring to thigh or groin, positive rebound tenderness

34
Q

What is Crohn’s Disease?

A

Inflammation of the small intestine and ascending colon with skip lesions and potential for obstruction

35
Q

What is Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Inflammation of the rectum and descending colon with continuous lesions and frequent diarrhea

36
Q

What is diverticular disease?

A

Inflammation of the sigmoid colon, associated with a low fiber diet

37
Q

What are primary visceral pain patterns?

A

Pain patterns associated with stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, appendix, esophagus, pancreas, colon

38
Q

What are secondary visceral pain patterns?

A

Pain patterns associated with liver, gallbladder, appendix, pancreas, small intestine, colon, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

39
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Produces bile, metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies, stores vitamins and minerals

40
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of liver disease?

A

Jaundice, palmar erythema, spider angiomas, RUQ pain, bone mineral issues, flapping tremor, edema, impaired coagulation, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites

41
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for liver disease?

A

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT levels

42
Q

What are the disorders related to growth hormone?

A

Pituitary dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly

43
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Insufficient ADH leading to frequent urination and dehydration

44
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Excessive ADH leading to fluid retention and hyponatremia

45
Q

What are the adrenal gland hormones and disorders?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

46
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency with symptoms like hypotension, hyponatremia, poor stress tolerance

47
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

Excessive adrenal secretion leading to hypertension, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, abnormal hair growth

First Year Comprehensive Review (18 decks)

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