Pathophysiology Review Flashcards
What is pathology?
Essential nature of disease(s) their effects/changes in organs and tissues
What is pathophysiology?
Mechanism of dysfunction
What is pathogenesis?
How a disease develops
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
- Physical protection
- Absorption
- Filtration
- Secretion
- Permeability
- Regeneration
What are the shapes and locations of epithelial tissue?
- Squamous (thin/flat)
- Cuboidal (cube): surface of ovary and thyroid
- Columnar (column): lines intestine
What are the layers of epithelial tissue?
- Simple: designed for filtration absorption or secretion.
- Stratified: more than one layer of cells designed to protect body surfaces.
- Pseudostratified: forms lining of most of the upper respiratory tract.
What is connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood and lymph
What is Marfan Syndrome?
A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue with widespread negative impacts, including tall slender build, long limbs, and risk of aortic aneurysm
What are the types and characteristics of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal (striated, voluntary, long and cylindrical)
- Cardiac (short, branched, striated, involuntary)
- Smooth (not striated, spindle-shaped, involuntary)
What is the Sliding Filament Theory?
T Tubules carry action potential to the muscle interior; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases calcium; Calcium binds to Troponin C, exposing binding sites on actin for cross bridge formation
What is atrophy?
Reduction in cell size due to disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, or ischemia
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size, commonly seen in heart and skeletal muscle
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number, occurring in tissues capable of mitotic division, such as epidermis and intestinal epithelium
What is metaplasia?
Replacement of one cell type by another, as seen in GERD or smoker’s lung
What is dysplasia?
Disordered growth, a precursor to cancer
What is inflammation?
A normal physiologic process for protection and repair, becomes pathological when chronic
What is the vascular phase of inflammation?
Vasodilation, increased permeability, exudate flow, and localized clotting
What is the cellular response in inflammation?
Chemotaxis, WBC adhesion and transmigration, neutrophils as first responders, macrophages for cleanup
What are the phases of wound healing?
- Inflammation (phase 1)
- Proliferation and migration (phase 2)
- Remodeling and maturation (phase 3)
What is innate immunity?
Non-specific first response to pathogens
What is acquired immunity?
Specific response mediated through memory cells and antibodies
What do B cells do?
Recognize free-floating pathogens
What do T cells do?
Seek out and destroy hidden pathogens
What is blood composition and RBC lifespan?
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and RBCs (45%). Normal RBC lifespan is 120 days.
What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?
Caused by low iron, characterized by microcytic and hypochromic RBCs, and symptoms like fatigue
What is Megaloblastic Anemia?
Caused by B12 or folic acid deficiency, characterized by large RBCs, and symptoms like bleeding gums and paresthesia
What is Hemolytic Anemia?
Excessive and premature destruction of RBCs, such as in sickle cell disease and thalassemia
What is thrombocytosis?
Condition with too many platelets leading to excessive clotting
What is thrombocytopenia?
Condition with too few platelets leading to increased bleeding risk
What is hemophilia?
Inherited bleeding disorders primarily affecting males, concern for bleeding in soft tissues
What are the layers of the gastrointestinal system?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
What is GERD?
Reflux of gastric acid due to decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure, leading to cell metaplasia
What is appendicitis?
Right lower quadrant pain, potentially referring to thigh or groin, positive rebound tenderness
What is Crohn’s Disease?
Inflammation of the small intestine and ascending colon with skip lesions and potential for obstruction
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Inflammation of the rectum and descending colon with continuous lesions and frequent diarrhea
What is diverticular disease?
Inflammation of the sigmoid colon, associated with a low fiber diet
What are primary visceral pain patterns?
Pain patterns associated with stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, appendix, esophagus, pancreas, colon
What are secondary visceral pain patterns?
Pain patterns associated with liver, gallbladder, appendix, pancreas, small intestine, colon, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
What are the functions of the liver?
Produces bile, metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies, stores vitamins and minerals
What are the clinical manifestations of liver disease?
Jaundice, palmar erythema, spider angiomas, RUQ pain, bone mineral issues, flapping tremor, edema, impaired coagulation, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites
What are the diagnostic tests for liver disease?
ALT, AST, ALP, GGT levels
What are the disorders related to growth hormone?
Pituitary dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly
What is diabetes insipidus?
Insufficient ADH leading to frequent urination and dehydration
What is SIADH?
Excessive ADH leading to fluid retention and hyponatremia
What are the adrenal gland hormones and disorders?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
What is Addison’s Disease?
Primary adrenal insufficiency with symptoms like hypotension, hyponatremia, poor stress tolerance
What is Cushing’s Disease?
Excessive adrenal secretion leading to hypertension, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, abnormal hair growth
