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first year comprehensive review > Biomechanics Review > Flashcards

Biomechanics Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plane of scaption?

A

35 degrees anterior to the ML axis.

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2
Q

What is the posterior inclination of the clavicle?

A

20 degrees posterior to the ML axis.

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3
Q

What is humeral head retroversion?

A

30 degrees retroverted to face the glenoid.

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4
Q

Describe the movement at the sternoclavicular joint during elevation.

A
  • Longitudinally convex on concave
  • Contralateral rolls and slides.
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5
Q

How does the acromioclavicular joint move with the scapula?

A

It coordinates movement with the scapula, primarily in upward and downward rotation.

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6
Q

What does the superior glenohumeral ligament check?

A

Adduction.

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7
Q

What does the middle glenohumeral ligament check?

A
  • Anterior translation
  • Especially with some abduction and external rotation.
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8
Q

What does the inferior glenohumeral ligament check?

A
  • At 90 degrees abduction, the anterior band checks external rotation.
  • The posterior band checks internal rotation, and the axillary pouch checks AP translation.
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9
Q

Describe the scapulohumeral rhythm during shoulder abduction.

A
  • 120° GH joint abduction, and
  • 60° scapulothoracic upward rotation.
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10
Q

What is the role of the clavicle during shoulder abduction?

A

The clavicle retracts and posteriorly rotates around its axis.

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11
Q

What muscles are primary upward rotators of the scapula?

A
  • Serratus anterior
  • Upper/lower fibers of the trapezius.
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12
Q

What muscle can become adaptively shortened with anteriorly tilted and internally rotated scapula?

A

Pectoralis minor.

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13
Q

What is a SLAP lesion and its causes?

A

A tear in the superior labrum due to large or repetitive forces within the biceps tendon.

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14
Q

What is subacromial impingement?

A

Decreased subacromial space due to improper biomechanics and repetitive loading.

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15
Q

What is GIRD?

A

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit, common in throwing athletes.

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16
Q

What causes scapular dyskinesis and winging?

A

Weakness in the muscles that move and stabilize the scapula.

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17
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

Compression of neuro-vasculature at the scalenes, clavicle, or pec minor, causing pain in the arm, shoulder, or neck.

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18
Q

Tennis elbow

  • What is it ?
  • Cause = ?
A

Lateral epicondylitis, caused by repetitive wrist extension movements.

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19
Q

What is golfer’s elbow?

A

Medial epicondylitis, often seen in adolescent male baseball pitchers.

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20
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel.

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21
Q

What joints are involved in elbow and forearm movements?

A
  • Humeroulnar
  • Humeroradial
  • Proximal/distal radioulnar joints.
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22
Q

What is the primary function of the biceps brachii?

A

Supination and flexion of the elbow.

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23
Q

Describe the movement of the distal radioulnar joint in weight-bearing.

A
  • Convex-on-concave movement
  • Contralateral rolls and slides
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24
Q

What is ulnar nerve entrapment?

A

Irritation of the ulnar nerve, often at the cubital tunnel near the medial epicondyle or at the ulnar side of the wrist.

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25
Q

What is a common MOI for a scaphoid fracture?

A

Compression injury along the scaphoid’s waist, often from a fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH).

26
Q

What is the angle of inclination for coxa vara and coxa valga?

A
  • Coxa vara: ~105 degrees
  • Coxa valga: ~140 degrees.
27
Q

Describe the pelvic on femoral movement.

A

Pelvic movement on femur involves concave on convex motion.

28
Q

What is the relationship between anterior pelvic tilt and spine posture?

A

Anterior tilt leads to lumbar lordosis.

29
Q

What are the hip ligaments and their functions?

A
  • Iliofemoral (prevents hyperextension)
  • Ischiofemoral (checks extension)
  • Pubofemoral (checks abduction and extension).
30
Q

What is femoral anteversion?

A

Anterior rotation of the femoral head, leading to less bony congruency with the acetabulum.

31
Q

What is the screw home mechanism in the knee?

A

External rotation of the tibia during the final phase of knee extension.

32
Q

What are the primary functions of the knee ligaments?

A
  • MCL (checks adduction)
  • LCL (checks abduction)
  • ACL (checks forward translation of the tibia)
  • PCL (checks backward translation of the tibia).
33
Q

How do you improve dorsiflexion at the ankle?

A

Weight-bearing dorsiflexion mobilization with ipsilateral anterior roll and slide.

34
Q

What are the components of pronation and supination at the subtalar joint?

A
  • Pronation: eversion and abduction
  • Supination: inversion and adduction
35
Q

What are the divisions of the foot?

A
  • Rearfoot (subtalar joint)
  • Midfoot (cuboid and cuneiforms)
  • Forefoot (metatarsals and phalanges).
36
Q

What are the ground reaction forces during gait?

A

Highest with weight transfer after heel strike and during push off.

37
Q

What are the “rockers” in gait?

A
  • Heel rocker (initial contact to foot flat)
  • Ankle rocker (foot flat to heel off)
  • Forefoot rocker (heel off to toe off).
38
Q

Describe Trendelenburg gait.

A

Compensation involving leaning towards the affected side due to weak gluteus medius.

39
Q

What is the relationship between hip and knee alignments (coxa vara/valga)?

A
  • Coxa vara = genu valgum
  • Coxa valga = genu varum
40
Q

What are the percentages of the gait cycle?

A
  • 60% stance phase
  • 40% swing phase

  • with two periods of double limb support (10% each)
41
Q

What is the most common mechanism of injury (MOI) for distal radius fractures?

A

Fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH).

42
Q

What are the close packed positions for the hip, knee, and ankle?

A
  • Hip: extension, internal rotation
  • Knee: terminal knee extension with screw home mechanism
  • Ankle: maximum dorsiflexion
43
Q

What is FOOSH?

A

Fall on an outstretched hand, a common cause of wrist and hand fractures.

44
Q

Describe the position of the ankle in the close packed position.

A

Maximum dorsiflexion.

45
Q

What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand, primarily affecting the thumb, index, and middle fingers.

46
Q

Define torque in biomechanics.

A

The rotational force applied around a joint axis, influenced by the line of force and moment arm.

47
Q

What is the significance of the screw home mechanism in the knee?

A

It provides stability to the knee during the final phase of extension.

48
Q

What is the role of the popliteus muscle in the knee?

A

It unlocks the knee from full extension by medially rotating the tibia or laterally rotating the femur.

49
Q

Describe the difference between open and close packed positions in joints.

A
  • Open packed positions have the least joint congruency and maximal joint play.
  • Close packed positions have maximal congruency and stability.
50
Q

What is the impact of hip flexion contracture on gait?

A

Leads to a crouched gait with increased lumbar lordosis and reduced stride length.

51
Q

What is the cause of genu recurvatum?

A
  • Quadriceps paralysis,
  • Plantarflexion contracture, or
  • Hamstring weakness.
52
Q

What is a common compensation for weak dorsiflexors?

A
  • Steppage gait, characterized by high knee lift to clear the foot during swing phase.
53
Q

How does weak quadriceps affect gait?

A

Leads to forward lean at the hip to shift the center of gravity anterior to the knee, preventing knee buckling.

54
Q

What is a common gait pattern in individuals with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Shuffling gait with decreased stride length and increased speed (festinating gait).

55
Q

Describe the symptoms and cause of scissor gait.

A

Caused by hip adductor spasticity, resulting in a narrow base of support and leg crossing during swing phase.

56
Q

What are the consequences of weak gluteus maximus on gait?

A

Backward trunk lean during early stance phase to shift the line of gravity posterior to the hip.

57
Q

Explain the concept of ground reaction forces in biomechanics.

A

Forces exerted by the ground on the body during contact, varying in magnitude and direction during different phases of gait.

58
Q

What is the role of the gastrocnemius and soleus in gait?

A

They are responsible for heel rise during push-off, contributing to step length and propulsion.

59
Q

How does hip circumduction compensate for lower limb impairments?

A

Involves swinging the leg outward to clear the foot during swing phase, often due to inability to flex the hip or knee adequately.

60
Q

What is the significance of proper arthrokinematics in joint function?

A

Ensures smooth, coordinated movement and minimizes wear and tear on joint structures.

61
Q

Contents of the Carpal Tunnel = ?

A

Carpal Tunnel

  • Median nerve
  • Four tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
  • Four tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon

first year comprehensive review (18 decks)

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