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First Year Comprehensive Review > Interventions I Review > Flashcards

Interventions I Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain according to the Mature Organism Model (MOM)?

A

Pain is experienced because it helped our ancestors survive and avoid danger, evolving into pain-avoiding creatures.

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2
Q

What are the three dimensions of pain?

A
  • Sensory dimension
  • Cognitive dimension
  • Affective dimension
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3
Q

What is the Neuromatrix theory of pain?

A

The Neuromatrix theory suggests that pain is produced by the brain, involving multiple areas in response to various inputs.

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4
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Nociceptive pain is ‘normal pain’ with a short duration, well localized, and without electric qualities.

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5
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Neuropathic pain is ‘electric pain’ traveling along a dermatome or peripheral nerve pattern.

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6
Q

What is central sensitization?

A

Central sensitization is chronic pain where pain has spread from original areas in a non-dermatomal pattern.

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7
Q

What is the biomedical approach to pain?

A

It involves medical/pharm treatments, anatomical education, and emphasizes pain not function.

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8
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach to pain?

A

It focuses on PNE, therapeutic alliance, and addresses catastrophizing, rumination, fear-avoidance, and sensitization.

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9
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Allodynia is pain evoked by a normally benign stimulus such as cold, heat, or light touch.

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10
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

Hyperalgesia is an increased perception of pain elicited by a noxious stimulus.

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11
Q

What is the role of cortisol during stress?

A

Cortisol is a catabolic hormone that helps the body respond to stress.

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12
Q

What is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis?

A

It is activated during periods of stress and homeostatic imbalance.

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13
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

It is a person’s belief regarding causality between their behavior and consequences.

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14
Q

What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?

A
  • Internal: belief that outcomes are due to own actions.
  • External: belief that outcomes are beyond one’s control.
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15
Q

What are the levels in the hierarchy of listening?

A

Ignore the message, pretend to listen, selective listening, attentive listening, empathetic listening.

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16
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative body language?

A

Positive body language includes sitting on edge of seat, standing with hands on hips, moving closer; negative body language includes downcast eyes, crossed arms, fidgeting.

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17
Q

What are the four communication zones?

A

Public zone, social zone, personal zone, intimate zone.

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18
Q

What are the four pillars of pain neuroscience education (PNE)?

A

Educate about pain, therapeutic alliance, aerobic exercise, sleep hygiene.

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19
Q

What do avoiders need in terms of pain education?

A

‘Hurt doesn’t equal harm,’ ‘sore but safe,’ no freaking out about flare-ups.

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20
Q

What do persisters need in terms of pain education?

A

They need pace, progression, and to break up activities to avoid a ‘boom or bust’ pattern.

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21
Q

What is the hourglass principle of sleep?

A

By the time you get to bed, your body should be out of energy, stimulating the release of melatonin, which tells the brain to relax.

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22
Q

How does sleep affect pain?

A

Sleep affects pain through dopaminergic and opioidergic signaling, influencing pain perception and affect.

23
Q

How does caffeine affect pain relief?

A

Adding caffeine to analgesics for acute pain can improve pain relief by 5-10%.

24
Q

What is the analgesic effect of nicotine?

A

Nicotine has an analgesic effect via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and can also improve attention.

25
Q

How does alcohol affect pain?

A

Acute alcohol use has a dopaminergic effect, providing temporary reward and pain relief.

26
Q

What is THC and its effect on pain?

A

THC is the most active ingredient in cannabis, providing analgesic effects.

27
Q

How do opioids decrease pain transmission?

A

Opioids activate descending nerve fibers to decrease ascending pathways for pain stimuli.

28
Q

What are absolute contraindications for manual therapy interventions?

A

Thrombophlebitis, uncontrolled HTN, infections, anticoagulant therapy, unstable fractures, osteomyelitis, myositis ossificans, certain skin problems, cancer, burns, kidney dysfunction, pregnancy, steroid hormone replacements, unhealed fractures.

29
Q

What is mechanotransduction?

A

Mechanotransduction is the process where cells sense and respond to mechanical loads, promoting structural change.

30
Q

What are the three steps of mechanotransduction?

A

Mechano-coupling, cell-cell communication, effector response.

31
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed on it.

32
Q

How do tendons respond to mechanical loading?

A

Tendons increase in stiffness with higher intensity loading, especially >70% 1RM/MVC.

33
Q

What is the physical stress theory for muscles?

A

Muscles adapt to tension by adding sarcomeres in series for eccentric loading and in parallel for concentric loading.

34
Q

What is the principle of progressive overload?

A

Progressive overload involves progressively increasing the load on tissues to induce positive adaptations and increase tissue compliance and stability.

35
Q

What is the focus of sub-acute exercise interventions?

A

Maintain or increase cardiorespiratory fitness, restore full ROM, increase strength, reestablish neuromuscular control.

36
Q

What is neuromuscular control?

A

Neuromuscular control is the ability to produce coordinated movement by integrating visual, proprioceptive, and kinematic information.

37
Q

What is the safest repetition to begin with in early exercise prescription?

A

Slow concentric and slow eccentric with a full pause between reps to eliminate momentum and tension shunting.

38
Q

How should exercise progression be aligned?

A

Progression should be aligned with the stage of healing and tissue integrity, focusing on strength, endurance, and coordination.

39
Q

What is the difference between nociceptive and neuropathic pain?

A

Nociceptive pain is well localized and short in duration, while neuropathic pain is electric and follows nerve patterns.

40
Q

How does central sensitization differ from other pain types?

A

Central sensitization involves widespread pain beyond the original injury and is often out of proportion.

41
Q

What are the benefits of aerobic exercise for pain management?

A

Aerobic exercise at 50% VO2 max for 10 minutes can result in hypoalgesia.

42
Q

What is the impact of deconditioning on pain?

A

Deconditioning can lead to increased pain perception and decreased functional capacity.

43
Q

What role does dopamine play in pain and sleep regulation?

A

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the forebrain reward system, regulating both sleep and pain.

44
Q

How does goal setting influence pain management?

A

Setting specific and measurable goals can help guide the patient’s process and improve adherence to treatment.

45
Q

What are healing words and their effect on pain?

A

Healing words can activate endogenous opioid centers, reducing pain perception.

46
Q

What is the placebo effect in pain management?

A

The placebo effect, better thought of as ‘context effect,’ can trigger endogenous dopamine and improve pain relief.

47
Q

What are the effects of caffeine on cortisol levels?

A

Caffeine can diminish but not abolish cortisol levels in regular users at moderate doses (300 mg/day).

48
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on white matter integrity?

A

Higher alcohol consumption is associated with lower white matter integrity and reduced right hippocampal volume.

49
Q

How does progressive underload affect tissues?

A

Progressive underload decreases tissue compliance and stability due to lack of stress.

50
Q

What is the importance of feedback in early exercise prescription?

A

Feedback helps with motor learning and prevents bad habits, ensuring proper technique and safety.

51
Q

What is the hourglass principle in sleep hygiene?

A

By bedtime, your body should be out of energy, stimulating melatonin release and relaxation.

52
Q

What is the role of endogenous opioid peptides in pain?

A

Endogenous opioid peptides play a key role in descending pain inhibitory systems.

53
Q

What are the effects of cannabis on pain management?

A

Cannabis, particularly THC, has analgesic effects and can help manage pain.

First Year Comprehensive Review (18 decks)

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