Respiratory tract infections 4

Question 1

which surface glycoprotein is the major one associated with antigenic drift?

Answer 1

hemagluttinin

Question 2

when you grow a pathogen on a blood agar, the colonies change in color to pink. What pathogen could this be?

Answer 2

moraxella catarrhalis

Question 3

tamiflu is used to treat the flu by blocking _____

Answer 3

neuraminidase

Question 4

which influenza strain can undergo reassortment (antigenic shift) ?

Answer 4

only influenza A because there are no animal hosts for influenza B and C

Question 5

the most common cause of otitis media is _______

Answer 5

moraxella catarrhalis: gram negative diplococci, oxidase positive, strictly aerobic and non motile

Question 6

influenza type _____ has more ability to result in fatal illnesses and have fatal complications

Answer 6

influenza type B

Question 7

pandemics result from antigenic drift/shift

Answer 7

SHIFT; it is the sudden reassortment of the eight genetic subunits of the influenza virus

Question 8

with the flu, what are the additional symptoms you would expect to see in kids?

Answer 8

• higher fever
• GI symptoms
• otits media
• muscle pain
• croup (involvement of larynx and trachea)
• febrile convulsions

Question 9

local symptoms in the flu results from ________

Answer 9

epithelial damage, including ciliated mucous secreting cells

Question 10

_______ and _______ target the M2 ion channel protein in influenza type A virus

Answer 10

amantadine and rimantadine

Question 11

drugs that target the M2 ion channel protein will inhibit _______ in ONLY ______

Answer 11

the uncoating of the virus in only influenza A virus because that is the only one that has the M2 protein

Question 12

what is the “hockey puck sign” and what pathogen is it seen with?

Answer 12

• when you take a probe to move the colonies, most of the colonies will disintegrate but with hockey puck sign, the entire colony moves l
• seen with MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS

Question 13

how do you differentiate between the two gram negative diplococci: _____ and _____

Answer 13

moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria

moraxella is DNase positive and Nitrate reduction positive

Question 14

the major function of neuraminidase in _____ is ______

Answer 14

influenza; aid in the exist of the virus from the host cell

Question 15

acute exacerbation of COPD is associated with infection of what pathogen?

Answer 15

moraxella catarrhalis

Question 16

M2 ion channel is only present in _____ subtype of influenza virus

Answer 16

influenza virus A

Question 17

influenza C has ________ DNA/RNA segments

Answer 17

7 segments of RNA

Question 18

hemagglutinin helps the influenza virus attach to the host cell by binding to ________ receptors

Answer 18

sialyloligosaccharide receptors

Question 19

segmented _____ genome of influenza promotes genetic diversity by _____ and ______

Answer 19

RNA;

mutations and reassortment

Question 20

Zanamivir and Ostelamivir MOA and use

Answer 20

inhibits neuraminidase and so blocks the release of the virus from the host cell
works on influenza type A and B (not C)

Question 21

systemic symptoms in the flu is caused by _________

Answer 21

interferon and cytokine response to the virus

Question 22

influenza type_____ is a disease birds

Answer 22

type A

Question 23

colonization by _________ depends on age and comorbidities such as COPD

Answer 23

moraxella catarrhalis

Question 24

describe the biology of moraxella catarrhalis:

• gram +/-
• oxidase +/-
• motile/non motile

Answer 24

gram negative diplococcus
strictly aerobic
oxidase positive
NON motile

Question 25

influenza A viruses are further classified by subtype on the basis of ____________

Answer 25

surface glycoproteins: | Hemagglutinin (H/HA) and Neuraminidase (N/NA)

Question 26

migration from the nasopharynx to the Eustachian tube in otitis media is precipitated by ______

Answer 26

viral URI

Question 27

influenza virus replicates in the ______

Answer 27

nucleus

Question 28

gram negative diplococci that is nitrate reduction negative; what could it be?

Answer 28

- Neisseria; moraxella is nitrate reduction positive and DNase positive

Question 29

the first step in the pathogenesis of otits media caused by moraxella catarhallis is _____

Answer 29

colonization of nasopharynx and then spreads to the middle ear via the Eustachian tube

Question 30

moraxella catarrhalis targets ________ cells in the respiratory epithelium

Answer 30

type II alveolar cells which then inactivates complement and forms biofilm

Question 31

what are some things that moraxella catarrhalis can do?

Answer 31

- most common cause of otitis media | - exacerbates COPD

Question 32

influenza is divided into A, B and C types based on ________

Answer 32

nuclear proteins and matrix proteins

Question 33

does influenza type B have an animal host?

Answer 33

no. it is an human infection;

Question 34

__________ (subtype of ______) has 8 RNA segments

Answer 34

influenza A and B

Question 35

which influenza strain can undergo mutational (antigen ic drift) ?

Answer 35

BOTH influenza A and B

Question 36

how can you differentiate symptoms of the common cold from those of the flu?

Answer 36

- VERY rapid onset of symptoms in flu - systemic features are very prominent in the flu (severe headache and malaise) - fever is present in both adults and kids for the flu (common cold usually only see fever in kids) - GI symptoms more prominent in flu

Question 37

which influenza strain is capable of causing epidemics?

Answer 37

A and B

Question 38

antigenic _____ occurs usually as a the result of co-infection of two difference influenza A strains in a single pig

Answer 38

SHIFT

Question 39

what pathogens are able to hemagglutinate?

Answer 39

- Adenovirus (fiber protein) - coronavirus (spike protein) - influenza virus (H surface glycoprotein)

Question 40

what are two major gram negative diplococci?

Answer 40

- Neisseria | - Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 41

what are the 3 ways that moraxella catarrhalis can exacerbate COPD?

Answer 41

- altered mucociliary function - airway colonization and infection - triggered by acquisition of new strains

Question 42

which influenza strain is capable of causing pandemics?

Answer 42

A

Question 43

what is the MOA of amantadine and rimantadine?

Answer 43

inhibits the M2 protein which inhibits the uncoating of influenza type A

Question 44

describe the biology of the influenza virus

Answer 44

spherical, enveloped, segmented negative sense ssRNA

Question 45

which surface glycoprotein is more commonly associated with antigenic shift?

Answer 45

neuraminidase

Question 46

the acidification and envelope fusion of the receptor mediated endocytose virus is caused by ________

Answer 46

the M2 ion channels which bring in H+ ions into the host cell

Question 47

what are some symptoms that are common with the common cold but rare with the flu?

Answer 47

- nasal discharge/ runny nose | - sore throat