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PCM Exam 3 > Blood and Lymphatic Infections 2 > Flashcards

Blood and Lymphatic Infections 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endemic region for the causative parasite of babesiosis in North America

A

NE and Midwest (Babesia microti)

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2
Q

what are ways humans can acquire B. microti?

A
  • tick bite

- blood transfusions

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3
Q

P. vivax and P. ovale infect _____ RBC’s

A

immature → limited in the extend of anemia it can cause

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4
Q

the Anopheles mosquito will release _____ (life cycle form of plasmodium) into the human host which then target _____

A

sporozoites which then target the hepatocytes

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5
Q

describe some of the clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis

A
  • lymphangitis, febrile illness due to improper function of lymph
  • bacterial and fungal infections can cause hardening and thickening of skin → elephantiasis
  • lung infection is marked by cough, wheezing, fever, and eosinophilia
  • hydrocele in men
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6
Q

blood smear of someone with malaria shows a banana shape; what is the species and what stage in its life cycle is it?

A
  • P. falciparum

- male micro gametocyte

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7
Q

the life cycle of B. microti involves 2 hosts: _____ and ____ which introduces _____ during a blood meal

A
  • rodent (reservoir)
  • infected tick (definitive hosts)
  • introduces sporozoites during a blood meal
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8
Q

headphones in the RBC smear is seen in infection by ______ and what stage is it in?

A

P. falciparum; early trophozoite

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9
Q

_______ reproduction of the plasmodium spp. occurs in the vertebrae host

A

asexual;

sexual reproduction occurs in the mosquito

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10
Q

when you see a Maltese cross in a blood smear within RBC’s what is the organism and what form of its life cycle is it in?

A
  • Maltese cross = B. microti

- merozoite form

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11
Q

what is the infective stage of plasmodium spp.

A

sporozoites

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12
Q

what film would you use to see internal features in RBC’s such as “ring forms” and gametocytes?

A

thin blood film

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13
Q

Babesiosis can be a life threatening disease in what type of patients?

A
  • asplenic individuals
  • immunocompromised persons
  • organ damage/failure
  • elderly
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14
Q

what are some complications of babesiosis?

A
  • severe hemolytic anemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • DIC
  • organ failure/damage
  • low and unstable BP
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15
Q

what is the pathogen responsible for quartan malaria?

A
  • P. malariae; get paroxysms every 72 hours
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16
Q

the infected mosquito introduces ______ during a bite and causing lymphatic filariasis

A

W. bancrofti;

introduces L3 stage filarial larvae

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17
Q

what are the diagnostic stages of plasmodium spp.

A
  • ring stage (immature trophozoite)
  • mature trophozoite
  • schizont
  • gametocytes (male/female)
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18
Q

can humans transmit babesiia to others?

A

NO; humans are accidental dead end hosts

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19
Q

RBC’s are enlarged when infected by which Plasmodium species

A

P. ovale and P. vivax

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20
Q

______ form of B. microti is taken up from the rodent by ________

A

merozoite; tick

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21
Q

RBC size remain unchanged in infection by which plasmodium species

A

P. malaria and P. falciparum

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22
Q

Filariasis is acquired via ________

A

following a bite from black flies and mosquitos that transmit a thin filamentous microfilarial nematode

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23
Q

_______ is the form that is introduced into the host by the tick in causing babesiosis

A

sporozoite

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24
Q

what are organisms that can transmit W. Bancrofti?

A

mosquitoes

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25
Q

what are some genetic factors that allow for resistance to malaria?

A
  • sickle cell
  • alpha and beta thalassemia
  • G6PD
  • hemolytic anemia
  • duffy antigen mutation (mutation in malaria receptors)
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26
Q

Babesiosis is acquired from what organism

A

Deer ticks (ixodes scapularis)

27
Q

sporogenic cycle of Plasmodium occurs in _____

A

mosquito

28
Q

Babeosis targets ________

A

RBC’s → hemolytic anemia

29
Q

what drug is given to kill the hypnozoites found in the hepatocytes?

A

primaquine (test for G6PD)

30
Q

what are some complications of P. falciparum?

A
  • kidneys: renal failure
  • liver: jaundice and fever
  • lungs: pulmonary edema
  • GI tract: vomiting, diarrhea
  • brain: delirium, coma, retina. hemorrhages, etc because parasitized RBC’s can occlude capillaries in the brain
31
Q

describe malarial paroxysm

A
  • episodic cycle of chills with rapid and low volume pulse followed by high fever with rapid full and bounding pulse; after this episode patients are asymptomatic till the next episode
  • different species of Plasmodium have different times of cyclic fever: P. vivax and P. ovale → 48 hour cycle while
32
Q

what are the causes of benign tertian malaria and which one causes it more often

A
  • P. vivax (more common cause)
  • P. ovale
    cyclic fever occurs every 48 hours in tertian malaria (tertiary = 3rd so after the first day, 48 hours later will get the paroxysm on the 3rd day)
33
Q

which plasmodium has the longest incubation period?

A

P. malaria

34
Q

what are some clinical symptoms of malaria infection?

A
  • flu like symptoms: (fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain,
  • periodic cycle of chills, high fever and rigors (paroxysms)
  • anemia and splenomegaly
  • symptoms related to development of parasite within RBC’s
35
Q

adult words (they develop into males/females in the lymph) will produce ______ which are then ingested again by mosquitos during a blood meal

A

microfilariae

36
Q

W. Bancrofti causes what disease?

A

lymphatic filariasis

37
Q

_________ is a protozoa that has both an extra erythrocytic cycle and an erythrocytic cycle

A

plasmodium spp. (causes malaria)

38
Q

which form of plasmodium has the shortest incubation period?

A

P. falciparum

39
Q

_______ occurs in the hepatocytes

A

schizogony

40
Q

describe the life cycle of B. microti

A
  • tick introduces sporozoite into the rodent
  • in the rodent the sporozoite infects RBC’s and forms trophozoite and merozoites
  • merozoites are then ingested by the ticks and inside the tick they undergo sporogony and form sporozoites
41
Q

describe the arthropod that causes babesiosis

A
  • non motile

- protozoal parasite that infects RBC’s

42
Q

what drug is given to chloroquine resistant malaria?

A

atovaquone/mefloquine

43
Q

what are some common malaria treatments?

A
  • chloroquine: blocks the plasmodium heme polymerase
  • quinine
  • primaquine
44
Q

describe the type of organism that is most likely the cause of elephantiasis

A
  • nematode, multicellular worm
45
Q

______ and ______ treatment should be administer for treating elephantiasis

A

anti fungal and anti bacterial

46
Q

why is _________ species of plasmodium the cause of the most serious form of malaria

A
  • P. falciparum; because it infects RBC’s at ANY stage of development and can target multiple organs and causes cerebral malaria
  • can have multiple parasite infections
  • black water fever: dark urine with poor prognosis
47
Q

plasmodium ovale, vivax, malaria and falciparum are transmitted male/female _____ species of mosquito

A

female Anopheles mosquito

48
Q

describe the biology of plasmodium spp

A
  • non motile
  • protozoal parasites that invade RBC’s of vertebrate host
  • undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction: sexual in the mosquito and asexual in the vertebrate host
49
Q

describe the RBC smear in infection by P. ovale and P. vivax

A

thick trophozoite ring forms with Shuffer’s dots

50
Q

like malaria, babesiosis causes ________. how can you tell the difference?

A

hemolytic anemia;

Babesia is a zoonosis with reservoirs in dogs, deer, cattle, goat, sheep, horses and rodents

51
Q

red granules called Shuffer’s dots can be seen in the cytoplasm of RBC’s infected with __________

A

P. ovale and P. vivax

52
Q

________ infects only mature RBCs

A

P. malariae

53
Q

_______ and ______ are Plasmodium species can undergo stage of dormancy within hepatocytes and these dormant forms are called _______

A

P. vivax
P. ovale

hypnozoites

54
Q

what are filarial fevers?

A

acute inflammatory episodes

  • lymphatic filariasis infection is acquired in childhood
55
Q

what are the three classifications of filariasis?

A
  • lymphatic: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia Malayi, Brugia timori
  • subcutaneous: Loa loa, nchocerca volvulus
  • serous cavity: mansonella
56
Q

asexual reproduction of the plasmodium spp. occurs in ______ of the vertebrate host

A

RBC’s; (erythrocytic schizogony)

57
Q

highest disease burdens of Filariasis is seen in ____, ____, and _____

A

India, Africa, and Brazil

58
Q

________ is a worldwide tropical disease best known as the cause of elephantiasis

A

Filariasis

59
Q

can you find W. Bancrofti in a blood assay?

A

yes, it can be seen on thin blood film

60
Q

which species of plasmodium has the potential to relapse after eradication?

A
  • P. ovale and P. vivax because they can form dormant forms in the hepatocytes called hypnozoites
61
Q

_____ film is more sensitive in diagnosing malaria

A

thick because it merits more infected RBC’s

62
Q

Babesiosis can be misdiagnosed as ______

A

malaria

63
Q

describe the life cycle of W. bancrofti

A
  • infected mosquito introduces L3 stage filarial larvae during a bite
  • larvae develop in the lymph into males and females
  • adult worms produce microfilarie which are then taken up by mosquitos again
  • microfilariae undergo further development and evil into L3 microfilariae and are then ready to infect another human during a mosquito bite

PCM Exam 3 (32 decks)

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