Blood and Lymphatic Infections 2 Flashcards
what is the endemic region for the causative parasite of babesiosis in North America
NE and Midwest (Babesia microti)
what are ways humans can acquire B. microti?
- tick bite
- blood transfusions
P. vivax and P. ovale infect _____ RBC’s
immature → limited in the extend of anemia it can cause
the Anopheles mosquito will release _____ (life cycle form of plasmodium) into the human host which then target _____
sporozoites which then target the hepatocytes
describe some of the clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis
- lymphangitis, febrile illness due to improper function of lymph
- bacterial and fungal infections can cause hardening and thickening of skin → elephantiasis
- lung infection is marked by cough, wheezing, fever, and eosinophilia
- hydrocele in men
blood smear of someone with malaria shows a banana shape; what is the species and what stage in its life cycle is it?
- P. falciparum
- male micro gametocyte
the life cycle of B. microti involves 2 hosts: _____ and ____ which introduces _____ during a blood meal
- rodent (reservoir)
- infected tick (definitive hosts)
- introduces sporozoites during a blood meal
headphones in the RBC smear is seen in infection by ______ and what stage is it in?
P. falciparum; early trophozoite
_______ reproduction of the plasmodium spp. occurs in the vertebrae host
asexual;
sexual reproduction occurs in the mosquito
when you see a Maltese cross in a blood smear within RBC’s what is the organism and what form of its life cycle is it in?
- Maltese cross = B. microti
- merozoite form
what is the infective stage of plasmodium spp.
sporozoites
what film would you use to see internal features in RBC’s such as “ring forms” and gametocytes?
thin blood film
Babesiosis can be a life threatening disease in what type of patients?
- asplenic individuals
- immunocompromised persons
- organ damage/failure
- elderly
what are some complications of babesiosis?
- severe hemolytic anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- DIC
- organ failure/damage
- low and unstable BP
what is the pathogen responsible for quartan malaria?
- P. malariae; get paroxysms every 72 hours
the infected mosquito introduces ______ during a bite and causing lymphatic filariasis
W. bancrofti;
introduces L3 stage filarial larvae
what are the diagnostic stages of plasmodium spp.
- ring stage (immature trophozoite)
- mature trophozoite
- schizont
- gametocytes (male/female)
can humans transmit babesiia to others?
NO; humans are accidental dead end hosts
RBC’s are enlarged when infected by which Plasmodium species
P. ovale and P. vivax
______ form of B. microti is taken up from the rodent by ________
merozoite; tick
RBC size remain unchanged in infection by which plasmodium species
P. malaria and P. falciparum
Filariasis is acquired via ________
following a bite from black flies and mosquitos that transmit a thin filamentous microfilarial nematode
_______ is the form that is introduced into the host by the tick in causing babesiosis
sporozoite
what are organisms that can transmit W. Bancrofti?
mosquitoes
what are some genetic factors that allow for resistance to malaria?
- sickle cell
- alpha and beta thalassemia
- G6PD
- hemolytic anemia
- duffy antigen mutation (mutation in malaria receptors)
Babesiosis is acquired from what organism
Deer ticks (ixodes scapularis)
sporogenic cycle of Plasmodium occurs in _____
mosquito
Babeosis targets ________
RBC’s → hemolytic anemia
what drug is given to kill the hypnozoites found in the hepatocytes?
primaquine (test for G6PD)
what are some complications of P. falciparum?
- kidneys: renal failure
- liver: jaundice and fever
- lungs: pulmonary edema
- GI tract: vomiting, diarrhea
- brain: delirium, coma, retina. hemorrhages, etc because parasitized RBC’s can occlude capillaries in the brain
describe malarial paroxysm
- episodic cycle of chills with rapid and low volume pulse followed by high fever with rapid full and bounding pulse; after this episode patients are asymptomatic till the next episode
- different species of Plasmodium have different times of cyclic fever: P. vivax and P. ovale → 48 hour cycle while
what are the causes of benign tertian malaria and which one causes it more often
- P. vivax (more common cause)
- P. ovale
cyclic fever occurs every 48 hours in tertian malaria (tertiary = 3rd so after the first day, 48 hours later will get the paroxysm on the 3rd day)
which plasmodium has the longest incubation period?
P. malaria
what are some clinical symptoms of malaria infection?
- flu like symptoms: (fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain,
- periodic cycle of chills, high fever and rigors (paroxysms)
- anemia and splenomegaly
- symptoms related to development of parasite within RBC’s
adult words (they develop into males/females in the lymph) will produce ______ which are then ingested again by mosquitos during a blood meal
microfilariae
W. Bancrofti causes what disease?
lymphatic filariasis
_________ is a protozoa that has both an extra erythrocytic cycle and an erythrocytic cycle
plasmodium spp. (causes malaria)
which form of plasmodium has the shortest incubation period?
P. falciparum
_______ occurs in the hepatocytes
schizogony
describe the life cycle of B. microti
- tick introduces sporozoite into the rodent
- in the rodent the sporozoite infects RBC’s and forms trophozoite and merozoites
- merozoites are then ingested by the ticks and inside the tick they undergo sporogony and form sporozoites
describe the arthropod that causes babesiosis
- non motile
- protozoal parasite that infects RBC’s
what drug is given to chloroquine resistant malaria?
atovaquone/mefloquine
what are some common malaria treatments?
- chloroquine: blocks the plasmodium heme polymerase
- quinine
- primaquine
describe the type of organism that is most likely the cause of elephantiasis
- nematode, multicellular worm
______ and ______ treatment should be administer for treating elephantiasis
anti fungal and anti bacterial
why is _________ species of plasmodium the cause of the most serious form of malaria
- P. falciparum; because it infects RBC’s at ANY stage of development and can target multiple organs and causes cerebral malaria
- can have multiple parasite infections
- black water fever: dark urine with poor prognosis
plasmodium ovale, vivax, malaria and falciparum are transmitted male/female _____ species of mosquito
female Anopheles mosquito
describe the biology of plasmodium spp
- non motile
- protozoal parasites that invade RBC’s of vertebrate host
- undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction: sexual in the mosquito and asexual in the vertebrate host
describe the RBC smear in infection by P. ovale and P. vivax
thick trophozoite ring forms with Shuffer’s dots
like malaria, babesiosis causes ________. how can you tell the difference?
hemolytic anemia;
Babesia is a zoonosis with reservoirs in dogs, deer, cattle, goat, sheep, horses and rodents
red granules called Shuffer’s dots can be seen in the cytoplasm of RBC’s infected with __________
P. ovale and P. vivax
________ infects only mature RBCs
P. malariae
_______ and ______ are Plasmodium species can undergo stage of dormancy within hepatocytes and these dormant forms are called _______
P. vivax
P. ovale
hypnozoites
what are filarial fevers?
acute inflammatory episodes
- lymphatic filariasis infection is acquired in childhood
what are the three classifications of filariasis?
- lymphatic: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia Malayi, Brugia timori
- subcutaneous: Loa loa, nchocerca volvulus
- serous cavity: mansonella
asexual reproduction of the plasmodium spp. occurs in ______ of the vertebrate host
RBC’s; (erythrocytic schizogony)
highest disease burdens of Filariasis is seen in ____, ____, and _____
India, Africa, and Brazil
________ is a worldwide tropical disease best known as the cause of elephantiasis
Filariasis
can you find W. Bancrofti in a blood assay?
yes, it can be seen on thin blood film
which species of plasmodium has the potential to relapse after eradication?
- P. ovale and P. vivax because they can form dormant forms in the hepatocytes called hypnozoites
_____ film is more sensitive in diagnosing malaria
thick because it merits more infected RBC’s
Babesiosis can be misdiagnosed as ______
malaria
describe the life cycle of W. bancrofti
- infected mosquito introduces L3 stage filarial larvae during a bite
- larvae develop in the lymph into males and females
- adult worms produce microfilarie which are then taken up by mosquitos again
- microfilariae undergo further development and evil into L3 microfilariae and are then ready to infect another human during a mosquito bite
