Respiratory Pharm Flashcards
_____ generation antihistamines are LESS likely to block muscarinic receptors (minor anticholinergic adverse effects)
second
______ is used to prevent exercise induced bronchospasm
nedocromil/cromolyn
three cardinal signs of COPD are:
dyspnea, chronic cough, and sputum production
what are the inhaled SHORT acting β2 adrenergic agonist?
- albuterol
- terbutaline
- pirbuterol
what are the leukotriene receptor antagonists?
- montelukast
- zafirlukast
inflammation in the airways ultimately results in ____
airflow obstruction
ipatropium and triotropium block ______ receptors on the airways
M3
what are some adverse effects of theophylline?
headache, nausea, vomiting, etc
high concentrations: cardiac arrhythmias and seizures
(theophylline is pretty obsolete and has been replaced by β2 agonists and corticosteroids)
what is an adverse effect of zileuton?
hepatotoxicity
pharmacotherapy agents used in allergic rhinitis (5)
- glucocorticoid nasal sprays
- oral antihistamines
- cromolyn sodium
- montelukast
- nasal decongestants
long term use of systemic glucocortoics can result in ____ and _____
hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
what are the inhaled LONG acting β2 adrenergic agonists?
- salmeterol
- formoterol
_______ prevent or reverse the desensitization of β2 receptors due to the prolonged use of SABA’s
corticosteroids
long acting β2 adrenergic agonists (salmeterol and formoterol) are combined with ______ for long term control in moderate and severe persistent asthma
corticosteroids
______ is first line treatment of allergic rhinitis
glucocorticoid nasal sprays
_________ is the DOC for β blocker induced bronchospasm
ipratropium
what drug is a methylxanthine that is used to treat asthma? what is its MOA?
theophylline; inhibits phosphodiesterase → ↑ cAMP → bronchodilator
_____ are drugs that act on the cough reflex in the __________
codeine and dextromethorphan;
medulla fo the brain
systemic corticosteroids such as _____ and _____ are used in the ____ management of asthma
prednisone and dexamethasone;
ACUTE
_____ may be added to the inhaled corticosteroid therapy for long term control of severe persistent asthma
prednisolone
omalizumab prevents the binding of ____ to ________
IgE to basophils and mast cells
what is the MOA of corticosteroids?
inhibits phospholipase A2 → inhibits transcription of COX 2 → ↓ formation of leukotrienes and prostaglandins
what types of drugs are used to manage asthma?
- bronchodilators: β2 adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, methylaxanthines
- anti-inflammatory drugs: corticosteroids, release inhibitors, immunomodulators, leukotriene modifying agents
long term use of inhaled corticosteroids can result in ____ and ____
osteoporosis and cataracts; can cause deceleration of vertical growth in children
zileuton MOA?
inhibitor of 5- lipoxygenase
what are the uses of nedocromil/cromolyn?
they are used to prevent both antigen and exercise induced bronchospasm in asthmatic patients BUT NOT useful in managing an acute asthma attack because stye are not bronchodilators
_____ and ______ is used to reduce the cough in COPD; what is the MOA?
codeine and dextromethorphan;
suppresses cough reflex via direct action on the cough center in the medulla of the brain
iptratropium is what kind of bronchodilator?
inhaled short acting muscarinic antagonists
what are some adverse effects of montelukast?
insomnia, anxiety, depression, suicidal thinking
what is a mucolytic agent used for COPD and how does it work?
N-acetylcysteine which ↓ viscosity by breaking the disulfide linkages in mucus
adding ipratopium to _______ provides additive benefit int hem anagemtn of moderate to severe exacerbations of asthma
short acting β2 adrenergic agonists
what drugs are used for the ACUTE management of asthma?
- inhaled short acting β2 adrenergic agonist (SABA)
- inhaled short acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMA)
- systemic corticosteroids
_______ and ______ are release inhibitors (anti-inflammatory)
nedocromil and cromolyn;
they inhibit mast cell degranulation
anticholinergics (ipratropium and tiotropium) may be safer than SABA’s in patients with cardiovascular disease because _____
the anticholinergics are quaternary compounds and so they have low access to systemic circulation and so have minor adverse effects
Omalizumab (immunomodulators) is used in the management of patients with __________
severe persistent asthma with evidence of allergy
what are the anticholinergic bronchodilators?
- Ipratropium (short acting)
- tiotropium (long acting)
nasal septal perforation and nasopharyngeal candidiasis and nose bleeds and an AE of ____
glucocorticoids
what are the three classes of drugs used in the management of COPD?
- bronchodilators (β2 agonists and anticholinergics)
- corticosteroids
- mucolytic agents: N-acetylcysteine
