Respiratory System Flashcards
Ribs
Curved bones
Protect lungs from fatal blows which may damage lungs
Intercostal muscles
Muscles located in between ribs to keep ribs in place and move them when breathing
Diaphragm
Forms floor of thorax
Skeletal muscles
Exhale, push up on lungs to help
Trachea
Separated portion of throat where air passes through into lungs
Bronchi
Separation of bronchus
One main branch in each lung
Bronchioles
Further division of bronchus, contains alveoli at tips of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli
Air sacs in which gas exchange of CO2 and O2 occur
Pleural membrane
Outer lining of lungs
Spongy
Makes slippery fluid, reduce friction when rubbing against ribs
Cilia cells
Moves mucus produced by goblet cells away from lungs
Goblet cells
Catch impurities
How air changes when it entered lungs
O2, 21%, 16%
CO2, 0.04%, 4%
N2, 78%
Inspiration
Diaphragm interacts and becomes flat Intercostal muscles contract Rib cage moves up and out Space in thorax, bigger Pressure in thorax and lungs decreases Air comes in
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes and curved Intercostal muscles relax Rib cage moves down and in Space in thorax decreases Pressure in thorax increases Air out
Smoking and effects
Smoke contains nicotine, 17 different chemicals, carcinogens
Chemicals contained in tar, collects in lungs
Cells mutate, cancer
Smoking increases risk of lung cancer and throats cancer
Carbon monoxide
Toxic gas
Carboxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin stops binding with oxygen and lowers oxygen carrying capacity of boood
Heart disease
Smoking during pregnancy
Low birth mass
Less oxygen
Affects growth and development
Effects of smoking
Smoke from 1 cig will stop cilia beating for an hour
Chemicals destroy cilia
Mucus not swept away, clogs up air passages
Mucus in airways causes smokers cough
Irritation of airways causes bronchitis, inflammation
Emphesyma, walls of alveoli break down
Reduces SA for gas exchange, not enough oxygen
Experiments to investigate effect of exercise on breathing in humans
Measure breath for 30 secs Run for 1min Measure breath Once returned to resting rate run for 2mins Repeat Average
Aerobic respiration
Glucose+Oxygen=>CO2+Water
C6H12O6+6O2=>6CO2+6H2O
In mitochondria
Glucose taken apart by cell, energy released in safe usable amounts
Anaerobic respiration (animals)
Glucose=>Lactic acid
Glucose not broken down completely
Causes muscle fatigue
Oxygen debt
Anaerobic respiration (plants)
Glucose=>carbon dioxide+ethanol
CO2 used in bread making
CO2 and ethanol in alcoholic drinks
Investigation to show that CO2 is produced in respiration in animals
Hydrogen carbonate indicator and maggots in test tube with bung
Hydrogen carbonate will turn yellow in the prescence of CO2
Investigation to show that heat is released in respiration
Soak peas in water for 24hours
Boil other peas
All peas rinsed in 1% bleach to sterilise
Rinse bleach, bleach damages see when outer coat splits
Put in thermos flask
Dead peas, no heat change, no respiration
Investigation to show that CO2 is released in respiration
Test tube full of germinating peas, covered in aluminium foil
Put a gas syringe in
Put gas collected into lime water
Cloudy
