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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Basis of all food chains
Production of complex organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds

6CO2+6H2O=>C6H12O6+6O2

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2
Q

Factors that affect rate of photosynthesis

A

Light
CO2
Temp

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3
Q

How light affects photosynthesis

A

Increase light, increase rate up to a point
Only a certain amount of chloroplasts
Too much light, increased transpiration
Too much water loss leads to stomata closing, p stops as too much UV damages plants

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4
Q

How CO2 affects rate of photosynthesis

A

Increase CO2, increase p up to a point
Amount of CO2 is fixed at 0.04%
Greenhouses can be pumped with CO2

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5
Q

How temp affects rate of photosynthesis

A

Higher temp, increased rate of p

If above 40C, rate decreases, enzymes denature

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6
Q

Features CO2 diffuse from air into chloroplasts

A

Open stomata, CO2 diffuses in
Air spaces in spongy mesophyll
LSA

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7
Q

Feature of leaf for sunlight to get into palisade cell

A

Transparent upper epidermis
Tightly packed palisade cells full of chloroplasts
LSA

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8
Q

Adaptations of leaf

A 
LSA
Thin leaves
Leaves on leaf stalk
Waxy cuticle
Stomata
Transparent upper epidermis
Palisade layer with elongated cell
Spongy mesophyll with air spaces
Vascular tissue close by
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9
Q

LSA of leaf

A

More sunlight absorption

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10
Q

Thin leaves

A

Shorter distance for light, water and CO2 to travel

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11
Q

Leaves grow on leaf stalk

A

Orientate themselves for max light absorption

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12
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Waterproof
Barrier to microbes
Reduce water loss by evaporation

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13
Q

Stomata

A

Gas exchange

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14
Q

Transparent upper epidermis

A

Allows light through to palisade cells

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15
Q

Palisade layer with elongated cell

A

Tightly packed
Full of chloroplasts
Chloroplasts can move in cell

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16
Q

Spongy mesophyll with air spaces

A

Gas exchange between atmosphere and leaf cells

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17
Q

Vascular tissue close by

A

Transport of water to cells from root

Transport of products of photosynthesis away from leaf

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18
Q

Mineral ions

A 
Nitrate, amino acids
Stunted growth
Magnesium, chlorophyll
Yellow leaves
Phosphate, respiration, growth
Poor growth
Potassium, respiration, photosynthesis
Discoloured leaves
19
Q

Experiments to investigate photosynthesis

A

Pondweed under water, factors varied
Lamp distance, baking powder added,
White leaves plant tested against green leaves plant

Gas given off, bubbles counted
Speed of photosynthesis shown under different conditions

20
Q

Investigation to see if starch is produced in photosynthesis

A

Leave in dark for 24hrs, use up starch for respiration
Remove one leaf, boil, burst cell wall and cell membrane
In ethanol, dissolve chlorophyll
In cold water, leave to be pliable
White tile, iodine
Black=starch

21
Q

Respiration and photosynthesis

A

Resp, continuous process
Photo, light dependant
Net output at night, CO2

22
Q

Leaf adaptations for gas exchange

A

Thin
Stomata at lower epidermis
Guard cells

23
Q

Thin leaves

A

Gases diffuse in quickly

24
Q

Stomata at lower epidermis

A

Diffusion of gases

25
Q

Guard cells

A

Allow gases in

26
Q

Stomata and gas exchange

A

Stomata, holes
Guard cells, regulate opening and closing of stomata, allow CO2, O2 exchange between leaf, atmosphere
GC, absorb water, turgid, open
Flaccid, close

27
Q

Investigations of light on net gas exchange from leaf

A

Hydrogen carbonate indicator
Leaf to bung, put tube in different light intensities
Observe colour change

28
Q

Plant response of stimuli

A 
React to environmental changes, temp, light
Receptors detect change
Effectors carry out response
Response, auxin, growth
Phototropism, geotropism
29
Q

Auxin

A

Growth hormone
Produced in tip
Affects zone of elongation

30
Q

Geostropism

A

Root, positive
Auxin falls due to gravity, inhibits growth
Shoots, negative

31
Q

Phototropism

A 
Stem, positive
Auxin likes the shade
Stimulates growth on shaded side
Elongates
Points towards sun
32
Q

Insect pollination

A 
Scent
Small amount of pollen
Heavy pollen
Large colourful petals
Nectaries
Small anthers
Sticky pollen
Small stigmas
33
Q

Wind pollination

A 
Light pollen
Pollen, smooth outer walls
Green, small petals
No nectaries
No scent
Large feathery stigma out of flower
Large amount of pollen
Large hanging anthers
34
Q

Pollination, fertilisation

A

Pollen grain on stigma
Tube grows from 1 pollen grain pore, moves along style towards egg sac
1 pollen grain nuclei called tube nucleus controls tube growth
Tube growth towards micropyle
Tube nucleus joins other nuclei in egg sac
Become endosperm
Fertilisation, zygote formed
Flower fades, plant produces fruit

35
Q

Conditions for seed germination

A

Water
Warm temp
Oxygen for resp

36
Q

Germinating seeds

A 
Fertilised ovule, seed
Ovary, fruit
Zygote develops embryonic plant with radicle root and plumule
Ovule contains cotyledons, food store
Ovule wall, testa, seed coat
Ovary wall, fruit coat
37
Q

Asexual reproduction

A 
1 parent
Vegetative
Root, leaf, stem grow into new plants
Genetically identical
Runners, strawberry
Rhizomes, iris
Corm, crocus
Bulb, onion
2nd stem extends, specialise in root cells, daughter plant
Cuttings in auxin, encourage ends, roots, placed in soil
38
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

2 parents
Genetically unidentical
Gametes

39
Q

Plant yield

A

Control all limiting factors, for optimum conditions

Polythene tunnels

40
Q

Increased CO2 and temp and crop yield

A

Polythene tunnels, increase heat, CO2
Reactions happen faster in increased heat and increased CO2
P produces energy, used for growth, higher yield

41
Q

Fertiliser, crop yield

A

NPK
Amino acids
Respiration
Enzymes

42
Q

Pets control

A

Eat crops, cannot be sold

Pesticides reduce pests that reduce yield

43
Q

Chemical pesticides

A 
Easy to apply
Pests develop resistance
Can kill helpful organisms too
Poisonous to other organisms
Bioaccumulation damage other organisms
Can be adjusted for problems and soil type
44
Q

Biological pesticides

A 
No poison
No resistance
May become a pest itself
Difficult to apply
May kill helpful organism
Not suitable for all

Biology (28 decks)

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