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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mono hybrid

A

Follow inheritance of one characteristic

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2
Q

Inheritance

A

Passing on characteristics from parents to children

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristics that result from genes and environment

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of organism

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5
Q

Alleles

A

Different form of a gene

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6
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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7
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid, sex cell

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8
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same

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9
Q

Heterozygous

A

Both alleles are different

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10
Q

Punnet square

A

Predict outcomes in a cross between two individuals

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11
Q

F1 gen

A

Children of parents

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12
Q

Dominant

A

Expressed in phenotype if present in genotype

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13
Q

Recessive

A

Only expressed in phenotype if dominant alleles not present

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14
Q

Test crosses

A

Suggest breeding experiment to find genotype

Use homozygous recessive, test cross

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15
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed

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16
Q

Variation

A

Differences caused by genetics, environment or both

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17
Q

Evolution impact

A

Increase range in gene pool, increased chance of survival

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18
Q

Mutations

A

Random change in base sequence or chromosomal arrangement
Gamete mutations, passed on
Somatic mutation, not passed on
Not all harmful, some have no effect, amino acids have different sequences

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19
Q

Causes of mutation

A

Mutagens

Bacteria, viruses reproduce rapidly

20
Q

Effects of mutation on population

A

Variation
Harmful, organism dies with mutation
Neutral or good, organism lives, passes it on

21
Q

Natural selection

A 
Organism competes for food
Best suited survive
Reproduce
Pass on genes
Repeat
22
Q

Antibiotic resistance

Wrong reasons

A

Antibiotics kill good bacteria population

Resistant bacteria have less competition, reproduce

23
Q

Antibiotic resistance

Not completing the full course

A

Kill bacteria causing illness
You feel better
Immune system wiped out bad bacteria
Less competition, resistant, reproduce

24
Q

MRSA

A

Staph aureus resistant to methicillin
Reproduce
Pass on alleles
Become dominant

25
Q

Selective breeding

A 
Artificial selection of animals, plants
Desired characteristics identified
Bred
Offspring with desired characteristics bred
Repeated over many gens
26
Q

Problems with selective breeding

A

Benefits humans, not animal

Reduce genetic diversity

27
Q

Vector

A

Something which transfers gene, disease from 1 source to another
Plasmid

28
Q

Plasmid

A

Small, circular piece of DNA in bacteria

29
Q

Gene

A

Section of chromosome, creates a protein

30
Q

Restriction endonuclease

A

Enzymes used to cut DNA in specific place

31
Q

Ligase

A

Enzymes used to attach 2 pieces of DNA together

32
Q

Recombinant organism

A

Genetically modified organism

33
Q

Clone

A

Genetically identical cell, organism

34
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Altered DNA with more DNA added

35
Q

Transgenic

A

Transfer of genetic material from 1 species to another

36
Q

Genetic engineering of insulin

A

Insulin gene cut with restriction enzyme
Plasmid cut open with restriction enzyme
Insulin gene inserted into plasmid with ligase
Plasmid replaced in bacterium with ligase
Bacterium multiplies
Insulin gene switched on, insulin recovered from culture medium

37
Q

Uses of GM bacteria

A 
Human insulin
Enzymes in biological washing powders
Enzymes in food
Human growth hormone
Bovine somatotropin
Human vaccines
38
Q

Uses of GM plants

A

Resistant to herbicides
Tolerant to heat and drought and salt
Pesticide in plant leaves
Produce antibodies against illnesses

39
Q

Uses of GM animals

A

Produce antibodies
Low cholesterol milk
Human antigens, transplant organs

40
Q

Positives of GM foods

A

Feed world while keeping environmental destruction to minimum

41
Q

Negatives of GM foods

A

Will not solve poverty, war
Enough food in the world, not distributed properly
Poor farmers use saved seeds, cannot afford gm seeds
GM seeds are sterile, need to be bought every year
Danger that genes are passed onto weedy relatives, super weeds

42
Q

GM foods safe to eat?

A

Genes inserted are only DNA like genes, already there

New proteins introduced, never part of human diet, allergic reaction?

43
Q

Cutting

A

Leaf, stem given right environment, genetically identical plant develops
Roots develop with hormone rooting powder
Quick, cheap
Lower transpiration, give roots time to form

44
Q

Tissue culture

A

Exoplanets trimmed to size, transferred to plates with sterile nutrient agar jelly
Callouses
Different growth hormone, stimulate root, stem growth
Plantlets transferred to warm humid potting trays

45
Q

Positives of tissue culture

A 
Many plants in short amount of time
Species that are hard to grow can be cultivated
Produced at any time at year
Large numbers can be stored easily
Desirable characteristics
46
Q

Disadvantages of tissue culture

A

Reduce gene pool
Reduced genetic variation
No chance of beneficial characteristics arising by chance

47
Q

Cloning animals

A

Adult udder cell enucleated
Mature ovum from another organism enucleated
Nucleus and ovum body fuse with elec shock
Mitosis forming embryo
Cloned embryo implanted into uterus of 3rd organism
Lamb of sheep one, clone

Biology (28 decks)

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