Genetics

Question 1

Mono hybrid

Answer 1

Follow inheritance of one characteristic

Question 2

Inheritance

Answer 2

Passing on characteristics from parents to children

Question 3

Phenotype

Answer 3

Characteristics that result from genes and environment

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

Genetic makeup of organism

Question 5

Alleles

Answer 5

Different form of a gene

Question 6

Diploid

Answer 6

2 sets of chromosomes

Question 7

Gamete

Answer 7

Haploid, sex cell

Question 8

Homozygous

Answer 8

Both alleles are the same

Question 9

Heterozygous

Answer 9

Both alleles are different

Question 10

Punnet square

Answer 10

Predict outcomes in a cross between two individuals

Question 11

F1 gen

Answer 11

Children of parents

Question 12

Dominant

Answer 12

Expressed in phenotype if present in genotype

Question 13

Recessive

Answer 13

Only expressed in phenotype if dominant alleles not present

Question 14

Test crosses

Answer 14

Suggest breeding experiment to find genotype

Use homozygous recessive, test cross

Question 15

Codominance

Answer 15

Both alleles are expressed

Question 16

Variation

Answer 16

Differences caused by genetics, environment or both

Question 17

Evolution impact

Answer 17

Increase range in gene pool, increased chance of survival

Question 18

Mutations

Answer 18

Random change in base sequence or chromosomal arrangement
Gamete mutations, passed on
Somatic mutation, not passed on
Not all harmful, some have no effect, amino acids have different sequences

Question 19

Causes of mutation

Answer 19

Mutagens

Bacteria, viruses reproduce rapidly

Question 20

Effects of mutation on population

Answer 20

Variation
Harmful, organism dies with mutation
Neutral or good, organism lives, passes it on

Question 21

Natural selection

Answer 21

Organism competes for food
Best suited survive
Reproduce
Pass on genes
Repeat

Question 22

Antibiotic resistance

Wrong reasons

Answer 22

Antibiotics kill good bacteria population

Resistant bacteria have less competition, reproduce

Question 23

Antibiotic resistance

Not completing the full course

Answer 23

Kill bacteria causing illness
You feel better
Immune system wiped out bad bacteria
Less competition, resistant, reproduce

Question 24

MRSA

Answer 24

Staph aureus resistant to methicillin
Reproduce
Pass on alleles
Become dominant

Question 25

Selective breeding

Answer 25

``` Artificial selection of animals, plants Desired characteristics identified Bred Offspring with desired characteristics bred Repeated over many gens ```

Question 26

Problems with selective breeding

Answer 26

Benefits humans, not animal | Reduce genetic diversity

Question 27

Vector

Answer 27

Something which transfers gene, disease from 1 source to another Plasmid

Question 28

Plasmid

Answer 28

Small, circular piece of DNA in bacteria

Question 29

Gene

Answer 29

Section of chromosome, creates a protein

Question 30

Restriction endonuclease

Answer 30

Enzymes used to cut DNA in specific place

Question 31

Ligase

Answer 31

Enzymes used to attach 2 pieces of DNA together

Question 32

Recombinant organism

Answer 32

Genetically modified organism

Question 33

Clone

Answer 33

Genetically identical cell, organism

Question 34

Recombinant DNA

Answer 34

Altered DNA with more DNA added

Question 35

Transgenic

Answer 35

Transfer of genetic material from 1 species to another

Question 36

Genetic engineering of insulin

Answer 36

Insulin gene cut with restriction enzyme Plasmid cut open with restriction enzyme Insulin gene inserted into plasmid with ligase Plasmid replaced in bacterium with ligase Bacterium multiplies Insulin gene switched on, insulin recovered from culture medium

Question 37

Uses of GM bacteria

Answer 37

``` Human insulin Enzymes in biological washing powders Enzymes in food Human growth hormone Bovine somatotropin Human vaccines ```

Question 38

Uses of GM plants

Answer 38

Resistant to herbicides Tolerant to heat and drought and salt Pesticide in plant leaves Produce antibodies against illnesses

Question 39

Uses of GM animals

Answer 39

Produce antibodies Low cholesterol milk Human antigens, transplant organs

Question 40

Positives of GM foods

Answer 40

Feed world while keeping environmental destruction to minimum

Question 41

Negatives of GM foods

Answer 41

Will not solve poverty, war Enough food in the world, not distributed properly Poor farmers use saved seeds, cannot afford gm seeds GM seeds are sterile, need to be bought every year Danger that genes are passed onto weedy relatives, super weeds

Question 42

GM foods safe to eat?

Answer 42

Genes inserted are only DNA like genes, already there New proteins introduced, never part of human diet, allergic reaction?

Question 43

Cutting

Answer 43

Leaf, stem given right environment, genetically identical plant develops Roots develop with hormone rooting powder Quick, cheap Lower transpiration, give roots time to form

Question 44

Tissue culture

Answer 44

Exoplanets trimmed to size, transferred to plates with sterile nutrient agar jelly Callouses Different growth hormone, stimulate root, stem growth Plantlets transferred to warm humid potting trays

Question 45

Positives of tissue culture

Answer 45

``` Many plants in short amount of time Species that are hard to grow can be cultivated Produced at any time at year Large numbers can be stored easily Desirable characteristics ```

Question 46

Disadvantages of tissue culture

Answer 46

Reduce gene pool Reduced genetic variation No chance of beneficial characteristics arising by chance

Question 47

Cloning animals

Answer 47

Adult udder cell enucleated Mature ovum from another organism enucleated Nucleus and ovum body fuse with elec shock Mitosis forming embryo Cloned embryo implanted into uterus of 3rd organism Lamb of sheep one, clone