Respiratory System

Question 1

– from the right side of the heart carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 1

pulmonary arteries

Question 2

oxygen that enters the lungs will be distributed to – in the erythrocytes within the capillaries that branch off the pulmonary arteries that surround the alveoli

Answer 2

hemoglobin

Question 3

carbon dioxide will – into the alveoli from the pulmonary arteries to be exhaled

Answer 3

diffuse

Question 4

oxygenated blood will travel to the left side of the heart via –

Answer 4

pulmonary veins

Question 5

respiratory structures are also responsible for pH regulation, vocal communication, sense of smell and protection from–

Answer 5

infectious agents and particles

Question 6

respiratory system is essentially a series of – that conduct air into the alveoli located in the lung tissues

Answer 6

tubes

Question 7

because the respiratory system is a – system it is vulnerable to infection

Answer 7

open

Question 8

in the nose and pharynx air is warmed to body temperature, – so that gas exchange can occur and filtered

Answer 8

moisturized

Question 9

nose and pharynx are covered with a – that helps prevent desiccation of the tissues and collects particles and microbes that may enter the system

Answer 9

mucous membrane

Question 10

nose is particularly well suited to filtration because it has – and hair to help trap substances

Answer 10

cilia

Question 11

T/F: Filtration in the nose and pharynx will catch all particles

Answer 11

false

Question 12

during breathing, air will flow through the – which is the opening of the larynx

Answer 12

glottis

Question 13

voice box

Answer 13

larynx

Question 14

larynx is made of – and vocal cords that produce sound as they vibrate

Answer 14

cartilage

Question 15

air flows from larynx > –> lower respiratory tract

Answer 15

trachea

Question 16

trachea is supported by – of cartilage

Answer 16

C-shaped rings

Question 17

interior surface of trachea is covered with – and cilia

Answer 17

mucus

Question 18

trachea > – > bronchioles

Answer 18

bronchi

Question 19

– surrounding bronchioles can adjust their diameter to meet oxygen demands

Answer 19

smooth muscles

Question 20

bronchioles terminate in tiny air sacs called –

Answer 20

alveoli

Question 21

alveoli are numerous, providing lots of surface area for gas exchange, and are made of – that allows for easy gas exchange with the capillaries that surround them

Answer 21

simple squamous epithelium

Question 22

lungs are a collection of – tissue including the bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 22

resilient

Question 23

in humans, the right lung has – lobes of tissue while the left lung only has two lobes

Answer 23

three

Question 24

each lung is surrounded by a fluid-filled –

Answer 24

pleural membrane

Question 25

a – produced by the tissues decreases surface tension in the alveoli which keeps the alveoli inflated and functioning

Answer 25

surfactant fluid

Question 26

surfactant fluid prevents alveolar –

Answer 26

collapse

Question 27

T/F: Without surfactant to relieve surface tension, the lungs are unable to function

Answer 27

true

Question 28

gas exchange in the lungs results from the flow of gases because of -

Answer 28

pressure gradients

Question 29

in order to get air into the lungs, the volume of the chest cavity must – which decreases the pressure

Answer 29

increase

Question 30

inhalation/inspiration occurs when the diaphragm – and pushes down

Answer 30

contracts

Question 31

thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity

Answer 31

diaphragm

Question 32

– of the rib cage also assist in inhalation by contracting to help move the rib cage up and out

Answer 32

intercostal muscles

Question 33

When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles – the volume of the chest cavity decreases, which results in a higher level of pressure inside the chest cavity

Answer 33

relax

Question 34

volume of the chest cavity decreases, which results in a higher level of pressure inside the chest cavity which forces air to – the lungs

Answer 34

leave

Question 35

rate of ventilation is control by the –

Answer 35

medulla oblongata

Question 36

– is innervated and neurally connected to the area of the medulla that controls breathing

Answer 36

diaphragm

Question 37

activity of these inspiratory neurons causes contraction of the diaphragm, which is followed by a period of – that allows for relaxation of the diaphragm and exhalation

Answer 37

inactivity

Question 38

in a relaxed situation, the diaphragm is stimulated between – times per minute

Answer 38

12 and 15

Question 39

T/F: during times of increased oxygen demand and excessive carbon dioxide production, the rate of stimulation can increase significantly

Answer 39

true

Question 40

breathing rate is influenced by – levels

Answer 40

CO2

Question 41

CO2 levels are monitored by – located in the brain and certain large blood vessels

Answer 41

chemoreceptors

Question 42

As CO2 levels increase, pH – since carbonic acid levels rise thus breathing rate must increase to eliminate excess CO2 which in turn increases O2 levels

Answer 42

decreases

Question 43

gas concentrations can be measured as –

Answer 43

partial pressures

Question 44

after inhalation the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is – than the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, which are branches of the pulmonary arteries

Answer 44

greater

Question 45

immediately following inhalation, CO2 levels will be – in the alveoli and high in the capillaries (diffusion will move CO2 into alveoli and be exhaled)

Answer 45

low

Question 46

CO2 exchange has an important role in the maintenance of – balance within the body

Answer 46

acid-base

Question 47

CO2 to water –>

Answer 47

carbonic acid

Question 48

carbonic acid

Answer 48

bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ions

Question 49

– help buffer pH

Answer 49

bicarbonate ion