Respiratory System Flashcards
– from the right side of the heart carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
oxygen that enters the lungs will be distributed to – in the erythrocytes within the capillaries that branch off the pulmonary arteries that surround the alveoli
hemoglobin
carbon dioxide will – into the alveoli from the pulmonary arteries to be exhaled
diffuse
oxygenated blood will travel to the left side of the heart via –
pulmonary veins
respiratory structures are also responsible for pH regulation, vocal communication, sense of smell and protection from–
infectious agents and particles
respiratory system is essentially a series of – that conduct air into the alveoli located in the lung tissues
tubes
because the respiratory system is a – system it is vulnerable to infection
open
in the nose and pharynx air is warmed to body temperature, – so that gas exchange can occur and filtered
moisturized
nose and pharynx are covered with a – that helps prevent desiccation of the tissues and collects particles and microbes that may enter the system
mucous membrane
nose is particularly well suited to filtration because it has – and hair to help trap substances
cilia
T/F: Filtration in the nose and pharynx will catch all particles
false
during breathing, air will flow through the – which is the opening of the larynx
glottis
voice box
larynx
larynx is made of – and vocal cords that produce sound as they vibrate
cartilage
air flows from larynx > –> lower respiratory tract
trachea
trachea is supported by – of cartilage
C-shaped rings
interior surface of trachea is covered with – and cilia
mucus
trachea > – > bronchioles
bronchi
– surrounding bronchioles can adjust their diameter to meet oxygen demands
smooth muscles
bronchioles terminate in tiny air sacs called –
alveoli
alveoli are numerous, providing lots of surface area for gas exchange, and are made of – that allows for easy gas exchange with the capillaries that surround them
simple squamous epithelium
lungs are a collection of – tissue including the bronchioles and alveoli
resilient
in humans, the right lung has – lobes of tissue while the left lung only has two lobes
three
each lung is surrounded by a fluid-filled –
pleural membrane
a – produced by the tissues decreases surface tension in the alveoli which keeps the alveoli inflated and functioning
surfactant fluid
surfactant fluid prevents alveolar –
collapse
T/F: Without surfactant to relieve surface tension, the lungs are unable to function
true
gas exchange in the lungs results from the flow of gases because of -
pressure gradients
in order to get air into the lungs, the volume of the chest cavity must – which decreases the pressure
increase
inhalation/inspiration occurs when the diaphragm – and pushes down
contracts
thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity
diaphragm
– of the rib cage also assist in inhalation by contracting to help move the rib cage up and out
intercostal muscles
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles – the volume of the chest cavity decreases, which results in a higher level of pressure inside the chest cavity
relax
volume of the chest cavity decreases, which results in a higher level of pressure inside the chest cavity which forces air to – the lungs
leave
rate of ventilation is control by the –
medulla oblongata
– is innervated and neurally connected to the area of the medulla that controls breathing
diaphragm
activity of these inspiratory neurons causes contraction of the diaphragm, which is followed by a period of – that allows for relaxation of the diaphragm and exhalation
inactivity
in a relaxed situation, the diaphragm is stimulated between – times per minute
12 and 15
T/F: during times of increased oxygen demand and excessive carbon dioxide production, the rate of stimulation can increase significantly
true
breathing rate is influenced by – levels
CO2
CO2 levels are monitored by – located in the brain and certain large blood vessels
chemoreceptors
As CO2 levels increase, pH – since carbonic acid levels rise thus breathing rate must increase to eliminate excess CO2 which in turn increases O2 levels
decreases
gas concentrations can be measured as –
partial pressures
after inhalation the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is – than the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, which are branches of the pulmonary arteries
greater
immediately following inhalation, CO2 levels will be – in the alveoli and high in the capillaries (diffusion will move CO2 into alveoli and be exhaled)
low
CO2 exchange has an important role in the maintenance of – balance within the body
acid-base
CO2 to water –>
carbonic acid
carbonic acid
bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ions
– help buffer pH
bicarbonate ion
