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Structure and Function of Systems > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

first 8 week of development in humans

A

embryonic development

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2
Q

all development after the first 8 weeks

A

fetal development

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3
Q

human gestation period is – days

A

266 (nine months)

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4
Q

embryonic development is complete within the – trimester

A

first

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5
Q

sperm have the ability to survive about – hours in the female system, while an egg cell only survives about – hours

A

48, 24

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6
Q

sperm deposited prior to or right after – are capable of fertilizing the egg, which occurs in the fallopian tubes

A

ovulation

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7
Q

200 to 500 million sperm are typically released during ejaculation but only – will make it to the egg cell

A

200

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8
Q

secretions from the female system will change the membrane composition of the sperm near its –

A

acrosome

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9
Q

When sperm bumps into the egg, the content of its acrosome will be released due to –

A

membrane instability

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10
Q

after the acrosome is released, sperm can penetrate the – of the egg

A

corona radiata (outer layer)

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11
Q

the first sperm to pass through the – will pass its nucleus into the egg

A

zona pellucida

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12
Q

after one sperm passes through the zona pellucida, the egg’s membrane will – which will make it impenetrable to fertilization by other sperm

A

depolarize

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13
Q

the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse creating a

A

zygote

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14
Q

one day after fertilization, the zygote performs its first meiotic division, becoming

A

an embryo

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15
Q

rapid cell division characteristic of early embryonic development

A

cleavage

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16
Q

within about 4 days, the embryo reaches the – stage in which it consists of a ball of cells

A

morula stage

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17
Q

during early cleave, the embryo may split into two, which results in

A

identical twins

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18
Q

by about six days, the center of the embryo hollows out and becomes filled with fluid and is termed

A

blastula or blastocyst

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19
Q

outer cells of the blastocyst

A

trophoblast

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20
Q

aid in implantation and development of extra embryonic membranes and the placenta

A

trophoblast

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21
Q

the inner cell mass of the blastocyst is the source of – which have the ability to differentiate into any cell type

A

embryonic stem cells

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22
Q

implantation of the embryo begins about one after fertilization and is complete by the – week

A

second

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23
Q

blastocyst produces a critical hormone that is important for the maintenance of pregnancy –

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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24
Q

HCG is the signal to the – not to degrade

A

corpus luteum

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25
Q

normally, the degradation of the corpus luteum causes a decline in – and – and trigger menstruation

A

estrogen and progesterone

26
Q

what forms during gastrulation?

A

the three primary germ layers

27
Q

once a cell enters a germ layer, its ability to differentiate into specific cell types is –

A

limited

28
Q

cells in this layer will express genes needed to become skin cells and nervous system cells

A

ectoderm

29
Q

cells in this layer will express genes needed to become muscles, bones, and most internal organs

A

mesoderm

30
Q

cells in this layer will express genes needed to become the lining of internal body cavities, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

A

endoderm

31
Q

once gastrulation is complete, – begins the development of the nervous system

A

neuralization

32
Q

– form the notochord

A

mesoderm cells

33
Q

ectoderm above the notochord starts to thicken and folds inward, forming – that continue to deepen and fuse to produce a neural tube that will eventually develop into the CNS

A

neural folds

34
Q

as differentiation continues, certain cells can influence the gene expression of other cells in the process of – via chemical messengers

A

induction

35
Q

communication b/t cells is also used to establish – in the embryo, which is critical to the formation of internal organs as well as the limbs

A

positional information

36
Q

– produce proteins that are essential for guiding the development of the shape of the embryo

A

homeobox genes

37
Q

the proteins produced by the homeoboxes are - that serve to turn on specific genes within cells at specific times

A

transcription factors

38
Q

– ensures that the right structures occur in the right places

A

induction

39
Q

the separation of fingers and toes is the result of – of the cells at one time joined structures

A

apoptosis

40
Q

organs are developed on an – basis with the most critical organs being produced first

A

as-needed

41
Q

by the fourth week, the – are established and working

A

heart and limbs

42
Q

all major organs are established and most are functioning by

A

the end of the embryonic development (8th week)

43
Q

while the embryo is in the process of implanting into the endometrium, – will be formed outside of the embryo

A

four membranes

44
Q

surrounds the embryo in a fluid-filled sac that serves a protective function and provides cushioning for the embryo and fetus

A

amnion

45
Q

is a membrane that will ultimately form the umbilical cord

A

allantois

46
Q

connection between the embryo and the placenta

A

umbilical cord

47
Q

organ that will deliver nutrients and oxygen and remove CO2 and waste

A

placenta

48
Q

where the 1st blood cells develop, in other species it serves as a source of nutrients

A

yolk sac

49
Q

will eventually become the embryo’s side of the placenta

A

chorion

50
Q

the – develops from the chorion and grows in size during development

A

placenta

51
Q

fetal hemoglobin has – for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

A

a greater affinity

52
Q

placenta produces – to maintain the pregnancy

A

HCG, estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin

53
Q

the hormone relaxin releases the – that attach to the mother’s pubic bones to provide more space in the birth canal

A

ligaments

54
Q

how long does it take for the placenta to fully develop

A

3 months

55
Q

fetal development is primarily refinement of the – that are already established during embryonic development

A

organ systems

56
Q

labor is triggered by the hormone – which is produced by the posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin

57
Q

oxytocin cause contractions of the uterus to – with time

A

intensify

58
Q

– usually ruptures during the dilation stage

A

amnion

59
Q

once the cervix is dilated, contractions continue, leading to the

A

expulsion of the baby

60
Q

after the baby is delivered, the – is clamped and cut, which severs the connection to the placenta

A

umbilical cord

61
Q

finally, the – is delivered at the end of labor

A

placenta

Structure and Function of Systems (17 decks)

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