Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Structure and Function of Systems > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

– serves as a shuttles for messages going toward and away from the brain

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

spinal cord also acts as a – that can process certain incoming messages and provide an autonomic response without processing by the brain

A

reflex center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

– is a set of neurons that consists of a receptor, a sensory neuron, an interneuron, a motor neuron, and an effector

A

reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

– transmits a message to a sensory neuron

A

receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

– routes the message to an interneuron located in the spinal cord

A

sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

– processes the message in the spinal cord and sends a response out through the motor neuron

A

interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

– passes the message to an effector

A

motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

– carries out the appropriate response

A

effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

peripheral nervous system is composed of pairs of nerves that are bundles of –

A

axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

there are – pairs of cranial nerves branching off the brain

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

there are – pairs of spinal nerves branching off the spinal cord

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nerves that exist in the – are categorized in to the somatic or autonomic nervous system

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

– nervous system controls conscious functions within the body such as sensory perception and voluntary movement due to innervation of skeletal muscle

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

– nervous system controls the activity of involuntary function within the body to maintain homeostasis

A

autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

– system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: most internal organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when activated, the sympathetic branch produces the – in which heart rate, ventilation, blood pressure increases while digestion decreases

A

fight-or-flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

– is the primary regulator for the fight-or-flight response

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

largest portion of the brain

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

– is the outer tissue of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cerebellum is located at the – of the brain

A

base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

– responsible for sensorimotor coordination for complex muscle movement patterns and balance

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

– connects the spinal cord and cerebellum to the cerebrum and diencephalon

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

– has reflex centers for vital function such as regulation of breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

messages entering the brain from the spinal cord must pass through the –

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

– is a tract of neurons that runs through the medulla into the cerebrum

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

RAS acts as a – to prevent the processing of repetitive stimuli

A

filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

RAS is also an – center for the cerebrum

A

activating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when RAS is not activated, – occurs

A

sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hypothalamus and thalamus make up the

A

diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

– used to regulate the activity of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T/F: hypothalamus regulates such as thirst, hunger, sex drive, and temperature

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

thalamus serves as a – center for sensory info entering the cerebrum as it routes incoming info to the proper parts of the cerebrum

A

relay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

– side of the brain tends to specialize in spatial and pattern perception

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

– side of the brain tends to specialize in analytical processing and language

A

left

37
Q

connection between the two hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

38
Q

composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

39
Q

composed of any nervous tissue located outside of the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

40
Q

– are the primary structures within the PNS

A

nerves

41
Q

– exists in the PNS and direct their messages toward the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

42
Q

– exist in the PNS and direct the messages away from the CNS

A

motor (efferent) neurons

43
Q

interneurons are only found in the –

A

CNS

44
Q

provide support to neurons and are capable of mitosis unlike mature neurons

A

glial cells

45
Q

projections that pick up incoming messages

A

dendrites

46
Q

processes messages and contains the nucleus and other typical cell organelles

A

cell body

47
Q

carries electrical messages down its length

A

axon

48
Q

occur at the ends of an axon where electrical impulses are converted to chemical messages in the form of neurotransmitters

A

synaptic terminals

49
Q

myelin sheath produced by – in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

50
Q

myelin sheath produced by – in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

51
Q

surrounds the axons of some neurons

A

myelin sheath

52
Q

gaps between myelin sheath

A

nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

space between the synaptic terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron

A

synapse

54
Q

state of neurons when they re not generating messages

A

resting potentials

55
Q

resting potential requires the maintenance of an – balance of ions on either side of the membrane to keep the membrane polarized

A

unequal

56
Q

T/F: resting potential requires a great deal of ATP to maintain

A

true

57
Q

during resting potential, – pumps within the membrane of the axon are used to actively transport ions into and out of the axon

A

sodium-potassium

58
Q

Na+/K+ pumps bring – into the axon while sending out three Na+ ions

A

two K+ ions

59
Q

because 3 Na+ are pumped out and only 2 K+ are pumped in, the membrane potential of the cell becomes more – with each cycle of the Na+/K+ pump

A

negative

60
Q

there are also many – such as proteins within the neuron so that ultimately the inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside

A

negatively charged molecules

61
Q

resting potential has a voltage of

A

-70 mV

62
Q

in order to transmit a message, the resting potential of the neuron must be disrupted and - so that the inside of the cell becomes less negative

A

depolarized

63
Q

in order for depolarization to occur, a threshold voltage of about – must be achieved

A

-55mV

64
Q

once the action potential has initiated, – in the membrane of the axon will open

A

voltage-gated channels

65
Q

Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to flow – across the membrane into the axon

A

passively

66
Q

a local flow of NA+ causes the next voltage-gated Na+ channel to open since this also also become depolarized; this continues down the length of the axon towards the synaptic terminals like a –

A

wave

67
Q

while the speed of the action potential can vary depending on the axon diameter and myelination, its – cannot

A

strength

68
Q

action potentials are an – event

A

all-or-nothing

69
Q

most voltage-gated Na+ channels are – while the neuron is at rest

A

closed

70
Q

when a stimulus arrives that cause the membrane to depolarize, voltage-gated Na+ channels in the area of depolarization open allowing for an –

A

influx of Na+

71
Q

influx of Na+ further depolarizes the membrane, causing more voltage-gated Na+ channels to open as the membrane approaches the –

A

threshold voltage

72
Q

if the original – was strong enough, it generates an action potential

A

stimulus

73
Q

after voltage-gated Na+ channels open, they rapidly change conformation into an – state which will proven any additional Na+ from entering the cell

A

inactivated

74
Q

voltage-gated K+ channels also open causing K+ to leave the cell as they flow down their electrochemical gradients, thereby making the membrane potential more – as the positively K+ ions leave

A

negative

75
Q

T/F: if a second stimulus, capable of causing depolarization arrives at an inactivated Na+ channel, it will not be able to generate a second action potential

A

true

76
Q

when neuron cannot generate a second action potential

A

refractory period

77
Q

a mother consequence of the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels is that action potentials are transmitted in only – direction

A

one

78
Q

only the membrane – of the action potential can be depolarized

A

ahead

79
Q

each neuron specializes in specific types of neurotransmitters and contains – full of them within its synaptic terminals

A

vesicles

80
Q

when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminals, the membrane in the area is depolarized, causing the opening of voltage-gated – channels

A

Ca2+

81
Q

influx of Ca2+ causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitters they contained by – into the synapse

A

exocytosis

82
Q

neurotransmitters will diffuse through the – until they reach the neighboring neuron’s dendrites

A

synaptic cleft

83
Q

neurotransmitters will bind to – gated channels which will open and allow for an influx of ions

A

ligand

84
Q

– within the brain and spinal cord consists of myelinated axons

A

white matter

85
Q

– consists of clusters of cell bodies of neurons

A

gray matter

86
Q

cranial bones and vertebrae protect the CNS as do protective membranes called the –

A

meninges

87
Q

between the meninges, and within the cavities of the brain, there is –

A

cerebrospinal fluid

88
Q

cerebrospinal fluid provide nutrients, removes waste and provides – and support for the brain

A

cushioning

Structure and Function of Systems (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions