Immune System Flashcards
immune system exists anywhere – are found
white blood cells
immune system differentiates – from –
“self” cells from “non self” cells
immune system eliminates both foreign cells and – cells
abnormal self cells
– always work the same way no matter what the offending invader is
nonspecific immune defense
– prevent foreign cells from entering the body
physical and chemical barricades
skin is an example of a – that generally prevents infection
barricade
defensive leukocytes: neutrophiles, monocytes, macrophages (mature monocytes) are all capable of –to destroy pathogens that may have entered the body
phagocytosis
– enzymatically destroy large pathogens such as parasitic worms that cannot be phagocytized
eosinophils
– find self cells that seem to have odd membrane properties and destroy them
natural killer (NK) cells
in the case of viral invaders, infected cells can secrete proteins called –
interferons
a virally infected cell releases interferons as messengers to –
other cells that haven’t been infected yet
interferons work against –
all types of viruses
- is a series of plasma proteins that are effective at killing bacteria by causing the lysis of their cell membrane
complement system
complement system also enhances – within the area of invasion
phagocytosis
when there is damage to tissues, the – will initiate
inflammatory response
inflammation is characterized by redness and heat due to –
increased blood flow, swelling, and pain
increased blood flow to the infected area is caused by chemical – which is secreted by basophils
histamine
histamines make capillaries more – than normal, resulting in increased fluid in the area, causing swelling
permeable
swelling can put pressure on –
pain receptors
when the body temperature is reset to a higher level by chemical called – , fever is the result
pyrogens
controlled fevers are beneficial as they increase – and stimulate other immune defenses
metabolism
overly high fevers are dangerous and can cause the –
denaturing of critical enzymes
Since specific defense are customized, they take at least – to be created
a week
substance that elicit an immune response
antigen
lymphocytes are derived from stem cells in the –
red bone marrow
B cells complete their maturation in the –
bone marrow
T cells mature in the –
thymus gland
– involves B cells, which ultimately secrete antibodies to destroy foreign antigens
humoral immunity
– involves T cells to destroy infected or cancerous cells
cellular/cell-mediated immunity
a specific variety of T cell known as the – is the key coordinator of both humoral and cellular reposes, which happen simultaneously
helper T cell
each B cell displays a specific – on its membrane
antibody
activation of a B cell is based on –
shape recognition b/t B cell antibody and antigen
activation –> proliferation of that B cell –>
plasma cells and memory B cells
B cells that actively secrete antibodies
plasma cells
produce the same type of antibody as the original cell from which they were derived
memory B cells
key event of the primary immune response that leads to active immunity
clonal selection
once an antibody binds to an antigen, the formed complex will either be phagocytized or will – and later be removed by other phagocytic cells
agglutinate
primary immune response and active immunity can be achieved by nature exposure to an antigen or by –
vaccination
on subsequent exposures to the same antigen, the memory B cells can proliferate into – which then produces antibodies
plasma cells
while antibodies do not circulate for long once an antigen has been destroyed, – can last for years
memory B cells
sometimes antibodies are passed down
passive immunity
during pregnancy maternal antibodies cross the – and during breastfeeding
placenta
passive immunity can be induced by the – from one individual to another
injection of antibodies
passive immunity is –
short-lived (decline in few months)
T cells have a – that recognizes the shape of one particular antigen
cell membrane receptor
– cannot be directly activated by contact with the antigen
T cells
antigen presentation is done via cell-surface proteins known as
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
class I MHC are found on the surface of
all nucleated cells
class II MHC are found on the surface of
professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)
in the case of typical nucleated cells, when the cell becomes infected, the pathogen’s proteins will be broken down into smaller pieces called –
antigen fragments
antigen fragments will be placed on class I MHC molecule and be presented to
activated cytotoxic T cell
cytotoxic T cell will release – which will form pores on the infected cell’s plasma membrane
perforin
cytotoxic T cell will release – which will break down the infected cell’s proteins
granzymes
proteins are regularly broken down by the cell and placed on –
class I MHC molecules
However, these “self” proteins should not become – to cytotoxic T cells since the T cells should not have receptors for these “self” proteins as they are not foreign
bound
only when – are presented on the class I MHC molecules should cytotoxic T cels bind to the cell
foreign proteins
cell presenting the antigen secretes – as it binds to the helper T cell
chemical interleukin-1
– secretes interleukin-2
helper T cell
