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Structure and Function of Systems > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system extracts nutrients from food and –

A

eliminates wastes

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2
Q

digestive system is set up as a series of modified – to keep food and digestive enzymes sequestered from the body

A

tubes

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3
Q

digestive tract is also known as the – tract

A

gastrointestinal

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4
Q

accessory structures of the GI tract include the liver, gallbladder, and –

A

pancreas

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5
Q

three primary components of diet that require digestion are carbohydrates, proteins, and –

A

fats

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6
Q

– digestion of food by chewing

A

mechanical

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7
Q

– digestion of food by digestive enzymes

A

chemical

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8
Q

– of nutrients into the bloodstream

A

absorption

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9
Q

– of waste products

A

elimination

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10
Q

T/F: any contact of the digestive enzymes with the rest of the body could result in the self-digestion of tissues

A

true

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11
Q

digestive system is an open system that is vulnerable to –

A

infectious organisms

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12
Q

the digestive tubes are composed of – tissue layers

A

four

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13
Q

– is a mucous membrane that actually comes in contact with food

A

mucosa layer

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14
Q

mucosa layer serves as a – and protects against desiccation, abrasion, and digestive enzymes

A

lubricant

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15
Q

mucosa lack – and nerve endings

A

blood vessels

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16
Q

submucosal layer contains blood vessels, –, and nerve endings

A

lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

submucosal layer’s primary function is to support the mucosa and to – materials to the bloodstream

A

transport

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18
Q

muscularis layer is composed of two layers of – muscle that run in opposite directions

A

smooth

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19
Q

nerve endings in the submucosa serve to stimulate the muscularis to produce contractions called – that propel food through the system

A

peristalsis

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20
Q

– is a thin connective tissue layer that is found on the surface of the digestive tubing

A

serosa

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21
Q

serosa’s purpose is to – with other surfaces in contact with the GI tract

A

reduce friction

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22
Q

oral cavity > – > stomach

A

esophagus

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23
Q

small bits of stomach contents are released to the – which completes digestion with some help from secretions from liver and pancreas

A

small intestine

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24
Q

in the small intestine, nutrients are – into the bloodstream

A

absorbed

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25
Q

waste products of digestion are solidified in the – and are released after

A

large intestine

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26
Q

as food is ingested and enters the mouth, there are – sets of salivary glands that begin to secrete saliva

A

three

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27
Q

in addition to its lubricating function, saliva contains enzyme – which begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates such as starch

A

amylase

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28
Q

T/F: since food does not stay in the mouth for long, amylase rarely gets to complete its job in the oral cavity

A

true

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29
Q

as food is ready to be swallowed, it must pass by the –

A

pharynx

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30
Q

pharynx has one opening to the – and one to the esophagus

A

larynx

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31
Q

when food touches the pharynx, a reflex action occurs that pushes the – over to cover the glottis of the larynx

A

epiglottis

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32
Q

once in the esophagus, muscular contractions will force food toward the stomach by –

A

peristalsis

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33
Q

stomach is relatively a small, curved organ when empty but is capable of great expansion when full of food due to – in its interior lining

A

many folds

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34
Q

the top and bottom of the stomach are guarded by a –

A

muscular sphincter

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35
Q

the stomach is very unique in that it has a very – environment

A

acidic

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36
Q

T/F: the stomach must retain its own secretions

A

true

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37
Q

top sphincter opens to allow – of food to enter

A

bolus

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38
Q

once inside the stomach, food will be mixed with – to liquefy it and initiate chemical digestion of proteins

A

gastric juice

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39
Q

the hormone – signals the gastric glands of the stomach to begin producing gastric juice as well as for the stomach to tart churning

A

gastrin

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40
Q

gastric juice is composed of a mixture of – to protect the stomach lining from being digested itself

A

mucus

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41
Q

gastric juice is composed of – which is an inactive form of the enzyme that digests protein

A

pepsinogen

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42
Q

gastric juice is composed of – which is needed to activate pepsinogen

A

hydrochloric acid

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43
Q

– is the active form of pepsinogen

A

pepsin

44
Q

hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach provides an overall pH of –

A

1 to 2

45
Q

unlike other enzymes, pepsin is inactive except at a – pH

A

low

46
Q

low pH of the stomach also kills most – that entered the digestive tract with the food

A

infectious agents

47
Q

as the food mixes with gastric juice, the resulting liquid is called –

A

chyme

48
Q

depending on the size and nutritional content, it takes on average about – hours for the stomach to empty its contents into the small intestine

A

four

49
Q

chyme leaves the stomach in small burst as the bottom sphincter called – opens

A

pyloric sphincter

50
Q

small intestine is about – long

A

six meters

51
Q

as small amounts of chyme leave the pyloric sphincter, it enters the top region of the small intestine called –

A

duodenum

52
Q

it’s important to neutralize the acidity from gastric juice by the secretion of – from the pancreas into the small intestine

A

sodium bicarbonate

53
Q

T/F: the duodenum also receives secretions from the liver which aids in chemical digestion in the middle and end regions of the small intestine

A

true

54
Q

middle region of small intestine

A

jejunum

55
Q

lower region of small intestine

A

ileum

56
Q

liver is composed of several – of tissue and is one of the larger organs

A

lobes

57
Q

liver produces – which emulsifies fat

A

bile

58
Q

while bile is not an –, it helps break fats into smaller pieces so that they are more susceptible to digestion by enzymes secreted from the pancreas

A

enzyme

59
Q

bile contains –, cholesterol, bile pigments, bile salts, and some ions

A

water

60
Q

bile is stored in the – which is a small structure on the underside of the liver

A

gallbladder

61
Q

bile is released into the small intestine based on signals from the hormones – and cholecystokinin (CCK) via the common bile duct as food enters the small intestine

A

secretin

62
Q

after the absorption of nutrients, blood from the capillaries of the GI organs and spleen will travel directly to the – via the hepatic portal vein

A

liver

63
Q

once in the liver, the – levels of blood with be regulated

A

glucose

64
Q

when blood glucose levels get high, the liver will store the excess as glycogen under the influence of –

A

insulin

65
Q

when blood sugar levels are low, the liver will break down glycogen to release glucose under the influence of –

A

glucagon

66
Q

liver also packages lipids in – to allow them to travel throughout the body

A

lipoproteins

67
Q

the – within the liver can produce enzymes to detoxify certain harmful substances

A

smooth ER

68
Q

liver also stores vitamins A, E, D, and K which are – vitamins

A

fat soluble

69
Q

after the regulations in the liver, the blood will leave via – and empty into the inferior vena cava before entering general circulation

A

hepatic veins

70
Q

the type of circulation in which blood from the GI organs and spleen is moved through the liver is called – circulation

A

hepatic portal

71
Q

pancreas secrete pancreatic juice into the – via the pancreatic duct

A

small intestine

72
Q

pancreas has cells with endocrine functions, which are located in areas called – producing insulin and glucagon

A

islets of Langerhans

73
Q

pancreas also has exocrine cells that produce pancreatic juice which is secreted when food enters the small intestine as signaled by the hormones secretin and –

A

CCK

74
Q

pancreatic juice contain –, amylase, proteinases, lipase, and nucleases

A

bicarbonate ions

75
Q

bicarbonate ions act as a – of stomach acid

A

neutralizer

76
Q

amylase completes – that began in the oral cavity to release glucose

A

carbohydrate (starch) digestion

77
Q

proteinases complete protein digestion that was started in the – to release amino acids

A

stomach

78
Q

three proteinases found in pancreatic juice are –, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

A

trypsin

79
Q

breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipase

80
Q

break down DNA and RNA into nucleotides

A

nuclease

81
Q

it can take anywhere from – for nutrients to be absorbed from the small intestine

A

3-10 hours

82
Q

small intestine has an internal anatomy that makes it well suited for absorption because of its tremendous –

A

surface area

83
Q

the mucosa in the small intestine are folded into – which form the brush border

A

villi

84
Q

villi are then further folded into microscopic –

A

microvilli

85
Q

within each villus, there are capillaries and a – (a lymphatic capillary)

A

lacteal

86
Q

nutrients such as glucose and other simples sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals – into the capillaries within each villus, where they are carried into the bloodstream

A

diffuse

87
Q

fat products of digestion are assembled into a triglyceride and packaged in a special coating including cholesterol, which creates a –

A

chylomicron

88
Q

T/F: chylomicrons can diffuse into the capillaries

A

false

89
Q

chylomicrons enter the lacteals and lymphatic fluids will carry chylomicrons to the bloodstream at the – (a merger between the two systems)

A

thoracic duct

90
Q

water must be reclaimed by the body which in turn will – the waste products

A

solidify

91
Q

large intestine contains a large population of normal – or harmless resident bacteria which synthesize certain vitamins

A

flora

92
Q

large intestine has a longer width but is – than the small intestine

A

shorter

93
Q

large intestine is about – long

A

1.5 meters

94
Q

there are – regions of the large intestine

A

four

95
Q

– is the small area where the large intestine connects with the small intestine on the right side of the body

A

cecum

96
Q

an outgrowth of the cecum constitutes the –

A

appendix

97
Q

appendix is a – structure thought to play a non crucial role in the lymphatic system

A

vestigial

98
Q

– is the majority of the large intestine

A

colon

99
Q

primary function of the colon

A

water absorption

100
Q

T/F: vitamin absorption can occur in colon

A

true

101
Q

– ultimate destination for feces in large intestine

A

rectum

102
Q

stretching of the rectum stimulates nerves and initiates the – reflex

A

defecation

103
Q

– receives the contents of the rectum for elimination

A

anal canal

104
Q

– sphincter of the anal canal operates involuntarily

A

internal

105
Q

– sphincter of the anal canal operates voluntarily

A

external

Structure and Function of Systems (17 decks)

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