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Structure and Function of Systems > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

– are chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream that travel to a specific target in the body and change the functioning of that target

A

hormones

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2
Q

hormones’ target can be individual cells, tissues, or –

A

organs

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3
Q

hormone secretion is usually regulated via – mechanism

A

negative feedback

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4
Q

in negative feedback the response of the endocrine system or a target is the – of a stimulus

A

opposite

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5
Q

two hormones with opposing functions

A

antagonistic hormones

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6
Q

in positive feedback systems, the response – a stimulus

A

amplifies

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7
Q

positive feedback mechanisms are – and eventually homeostatic is regained via lack of stimulus

A

short-lived

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8
Q

– is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

hypothalamus – body conditions and makes changes as needed

A

monitors

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10
Q

hypothalamus produces – hormones that influence glands such as the pituitary

A

regulatory

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11
Q

regulates other glands

A

pituitary

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12
Q

the – of hormones is based on their interaction with a receptor on the target cells

A

specificity

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13
Q

only cells that have a – for a specific hormone will be affected by that hormone

A

receptor

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14
Q

because hormones must travel through the blood, making these changes a relatively – process

A

slow

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15
Q

steroids are – soluble

A

lipid

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16
Q

non-steroids are – soluble and classified as peptides

A

water

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17
Q

steroid hormones are derivatives of –

A

cholesterol

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18
Q

nonsteroid hormones are made of modified – or small proteins

A

amino acids

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19
Q

target cell receptors for steroid hormones exist in the – of a cell

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

target cell receptors for non steroid hormones exist on the – of the cell

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

another hormone category that are lipid-based molecules released from cell membranes

A

prostaglandins

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22
Q

prostaglandins function as sort of – hormone involved in diverse functions such as regulation of body temp, blood clotting, menstrual cramping, and inflammatory response

A

local

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23
Q

T/F: steroids can easily cross the cell membrane

A

true

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24
Q

steroid-receptor complex moves into the nucleus and interacts with – to cause activation of certain genes

A

DNA

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25
Q

T/F: nonsteroid hormones cross the cell membrane

A

false

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26
Q

non steroid hormone itself is termed as a – messenger since it never enters the cell

A

first

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27
Q

first messengers trigger a series of events within the cell, many of which are moderated by – found on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

A

G proteins

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28
Q

inactive G protein

A

GDP attached to them

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29
Q

When a signaling molecule (like a non steroid hormone) attaches to a G protein-coupled receptor in the plasma membrane, the receptor becomes active and changes –

A

conformation

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30
Q

conformational change allows the receptor to bind a G protein and activate it by causing it to release its GDP molecule and exchange it for a –

A

GTP

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31
Q

an activated G protein will dissociate from the receptor and then activate an enzyme called

A

adenylyl cyclase

32
Q

when adenylyl cyclase is activated it converts ATP to – which functions as a second messenger

A

cAMP

33
Q

second messengers are – that change the function of the target cell by altering enzymatic activities and cellular reactions

A

nonprotein molecules

34
Q

cAMP actives a protein called protein kinase A which will proceed to activate other protein kinases in a type of – until the proper protein needed to cause the cellular response to the initial first messenger is activated

A

phosphorylation cascade

35
Q

the phosphorylation cascade is shutdown by – that will remove the phosphate groups from the activated proteins, thereby deactivating them and stopping their kinase activity

A

protein phosphatases

36
Q

– converts cAMP to ATP thus deactivating cAMP

A

phosphodiesterase

37
Q

alpha subunits of G proteins have intrinsic – activity , which will cause the bound GTP to by hydrolyzed to GDP causing the deactivation of the G protein and stopping the further activation of adenylyl cyclase

A

GTPase

38
Q

hypothalamus produce regulatory hormones that control the secretion of hormones from the –

A

anterior pituitary

39
Q

hypothalamus also makes ADH and oxytocin which are stored and released from the –

A

posterior pituitary

40
Q

FSH and LH

A

anterior pituitary

41
Q

TSH

A

anterior pituitary

42
Q

GH

A

anterior pituitary

43
Q

prolactin

A

anterior pituitary

44
Q

ACTH

A

anterior pituitary

45
Q

endorphins

A

anterior pituitary

46
Q

in women, it stimulates the secretion of estrogen and assists in egg production

A

FSH

47
Q

in men, it has a role in sperm production

A

FSH

48
Q

in women, it stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone and causes ovulation

A

LH

49
Q

in men, it is involved in testosterone secretion

A

LH

50
Q

stimulates the thyroid gland

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

51
Q

stimulates growth of muscle, bone, and cartilage

A

growth hormone (GH)

52
Q

stimulates milk production

A

prolactin (PRL)

53
Q

stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

54
Q

act on the nervous system to reduce the perception of pain

A

endorphins

55
Q

allows for water retention by the kidneys and decreases urine volume

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

56
Q

causes uterine contractions during childbirth; also stimulates milk ejection

A

oxytocin

57
Q

influences patterned behaviors such as sleep, fertility, and aging

A

melatonin (pineal gland)

58
Q

stimulates the maturation of certain white blood cells involved with the immune system (T cells) decreases with age as the thymus gland atrophies

A

thymopoietin

59
Q

stimulates the maturation of certain WBCs involved with the immune system; decreases with ages as the thymus gland shrivels

A

thymosin

60
Q

involved in the development of female secondary sex characteristics as well as follicle development and pregnancy

A

estrogen

61
Q

involved in uterine preparation and pregnancy

A

progesterone

62
Q

a type of androgen needed for the production of sperm as well as for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

A

testosterone

63
Q

decreases blood sugar after meals by allowing glucose to enter cells to be used for cellular respiration

A

insulin

64
Q

a lack of insulin or lack of response by cell receptors to insulin is the cause of –

A

diabetes mellitus

65
Q

insulin is made by – of the pancreas

A

beta islet cells

66
Q

increases blood sugar levels between meals by allowing for the breakdown of glycogen

A

glucagon

67
Q

glucagon is made by – of pancreas

A

alpha islet cells

68
Q

made by the heart to lower blood pressure

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

69
Q

used to regulate blood pressure by altering the amount of water retained by the kidneys

A

renin/angiotensin

70
Q

stimulates the production of RBCs from stem cells in the red bone marrow

A

erythropoietin

71
Q

released when food enters the stomach; causes the secretion of gastric juice

A

gastrin

72
Q

stimulates the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes to the small intestine; also stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder to the small intestine

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

73
Q

stimulates the release of fluids from the pancreas and bile that are high in bicarbonate to neutralize the acids from the stomach

A

secretin

74
Q

placenta secretes

A

HCG, relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone

75
Q

signals the retention of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) during pregnancy

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

76
Q

releases ligament attaching the pubic bones to allow for more space during childbirth

A

relaxin

77
Q

placenta releases – and – to maintain pregnancy

A

estrogen and progesterone

Structure and Function of Systems (17 decks)

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