Blood Flashcards
blood is a – used to deliver oxygen, nutrients, water, hormones, and ions to all cells of the body
connective tissue
blood is also used to pick up CO2 and wastes produced by cells and to move these to the appropriate areas for –
elimination
blood assists in – in the body as well as fighting infectious diseases
thermoregulation
critical functions of the cardiovascular system are achieved by blood – through the system
transported
blood consists of a –, plasma, and formed elements of cells
liquid matrix
humans contain between – liters of blood
4-6
T/F: entire blood volume can be circulated through the body in less than one minute
true
pH of blood is
7.4 (slightly basic)
temperature of blood is
slightly warmer than body temp
changing patterns of circulation can help – heat to where it is needed
distributed
decreases the diameter of vessels, which keeps blood closer to the core to warm the body
vasoconstriction
increases the diameter of the vessels, allowing them to release heat toward the surface of the skin to cool the body
vasodilation
liquid portion of the blood
plasma
plasma makes up about – % of the total volume of the blood
55
primary component of plasma
water
in order to adjust the volume of blood, the – can be altered
water levels of plasma
increase in blood volume will – blood pressure
increase
T/F: plasma also contains nutrients cell waste products, respiratory gases, ions, hormones, and proteins
true
three classes of plasma proteins are produced by the –
liver
plasma protein used in immune responses
immunoglobulins
plasma protein used to transport certain molecules within the blood
albumins
plasma protein that is an inactive form of a protein that is needed to clot blood
fibrinogen
formed elements or cells of the blood are all derived from stem cells in the –
bone marrow
red blood cells
erythrocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes
platelets
thrombocytes
the – value of blood is a relative comparison of cell volume to plasma volume
hematocrit
% of blood – by cells is called the hematocrit value which is generally about 45
occupied
hematocrit values are primarily influenced by –
RBCs
most abundant type of blood cell
RBC
as RBCs mature from stem cells in the bone marrow, they lose –
organelles
without organelles, RBCs can’t perform aerobic cellular respiration and – to replicate themselves
mitosis
RBCs live about – days, at which point they are destroyed by the liver and spleen
120
end product of RBCs’ hemoglobin breakdown is –, which is ultimately excreted into the small intestine via bile from the liver
bilirubin
in order to make new RBCs, more stem cells must be coerced to differentiate into RBCs by the hormone –
erythropoietin (EPO)
RBC have an unusual – shape that provides them with increased surface area and the ability to be flexible as they move through small vessels
biconcave disc
critical component of RBC is the protein
hemoglobin
each cell contains about – hemoglobin molecules
250 million
functional hemoglobin consists of four proteins chains, each wrapped around a –
iron (heme) core
hemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of O2. In total, a single RBC can carry about – oxygen molecules
a billion
as hemoglobin binds to one O2 molecule, a – occurs to allow for the loading of the next three O2 molecules
conformational change
once O2 is unloaded in the capillary beds, some of the CO2 produced by the cells will be carried by –
hemoglobin
after the dissociation of the carbonic acid, hemoglobin can carry –
hydrogen ions
bicarbonate ions are carried by –
plasma
– states that the increasing concentrations of hydrogen ions (which decrease blood pH) and increasing concentrations of CO2 will decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for O2
Bohr effect
in lungs a – level of O2 will encourage the dissociation of hydrogen ions from hemoglobin which will join with bicarbonate ions in the plasma to form CO2 and water
high
enzyme – catalyzes the formation and disassociation of carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
T/F: leukocytes are a diverse collection of cells, all of which are derived from stem cells, in the red bone marrow; all of them function within the immune system
true
white blood cell level can fluctuate greatly, particularly when a person is –
fighting infection
WBC that have cytoplasm with a granular appearance
granulocytes
granulocytes includes neutrophils, –, and eosinophils
basophils
granulocytes used to perform phagocytosis
neutrophils
granulocytes involved in inflammation and allergies
basophils and eosinophils
WBC that have cytoplasm that does not have a grainy appearance
agranulocytes
agranulocytes include monocytes and –
lymphocytes
monocytes (mature into macrophages) perform –
phagocytosis
– or platelets are fragments of bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
thrombocytes
platelets only live – days once they mature, so they are replaced often
10-12 days
during injury to blood vessels, platelets release – which converts an inactive plasma protein, prothrombin to the active form, thrombin
thromboplastin
thrombin converts fibrinogen to –
fibrin
fibrin forms a – around the injury that serves to trap other cells, forming a clot
meshwork
the process of blood clotting requires multiple plasma proteins as well as calcium and –
vitamin K
