Blood

Question 1

blood is a – used to deliver oxygen, nutrients, water, hormones, and ions to all cells of the body

Answer 1

connective tissue

Question 2

blood is also used to pick up CO2 and wastes produced by cells and to move these to the appropriate areas for –

Answer 2

elimination

Question 3

blood assists in – in the body as well as fighting infectious diseases

Answer 3

thermoregulation

Question 4

critical functions of the cardiovascular system are achieved by blood – through the system

Answer 4

transported

Question 5

blood consists of a –, plasma, and formed elements of cells

Answer 5

liquid matrix

Question 6

humans contain between – liters of blood

Answer 6

4-6

Question 7

T/F: entire blood volume can be circulated through the body in less than one minute

Answer 7

true

Question 8

pH of blood is

Answer 8

7.4 (slightly basic)

Question 9

temperature of blood is

Answer 9

slightly warmer than body temp

Question 10

changing patterns of circulation can help – heat to where it is needed

Answer 10

distributed

Question 11

decreases the diameter of vessels, which keeps blood closer to the core to warm the body

Answer 11

vasoconstriction

Question 12

increases the diameter of the vessels, allowing them to release heat toward the surface of the skin to cool the body

Answer 12

vasodilation

Question 13

liquid portion of the blood

Answer 13

plasma

Question 14

plasma makes up about – % of the total volume of the blood

Answer 14

55

Question 15

primary component of plasma

Answer 15

water

Question 16

in order to adjust the volume of blood, the – can be altered

Answer 16

water levels of plasma

Question 17

increase in blood volume will – blood pressure

Answer 17

increase

Question 18

T/F: plasma also contains nutrients cell waste products, respiratory gases, ions, hormones, and proteins

Answer 18

true

Question 19

three classes of plasma proteins are produced by the –

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

plasma protein used in immune responses

Answer 20

immunoglobulins

Question 21

plasma protein used to transport certain molecules within the blood

Answer 21

albumins

Question 22

plasma protein that is an inactive form of a protein that is needed to clot blood

Answer 22

fibrinogen

Question 23

formed elements or cells of the blood are all derived from stem cells in the –

Answer 23

bone marrow

Question 24

red blood cells

Answer 24

erythrocytes

Question 25

white blood cells

Answer 25

leukocytes

Question 26

platelets

Answer 26

thrombocytes

Question 27

the -- value of blood is a relative comparison of cell volume to plasma volume

Answer 27

hematocrit

Question 28

% of blood -- by cells is called the hematocrit value which is generally about 45

Answer 28

occupied

Question 29

hematocrit values are primarily influenced by --

Answer 29

RBCs

Question 30

most abundant type of blood cell

Answer 30

RBC

Question 31

as RBCs mature from stem cells in the bone marrow, they lose --

Answer 31

organelles

Question 32

without organelles, RBCs can't perform aerobic cellular respiration and -- to replicate themselves

Answer 32

mitosis

Question 33

RBCs live about -- days, at which point they are destroyed by the liver and spleen

Answer 33

120

Question 34

end product of RBCs' hemoglobin breakdown is --, which is ultimately excreted into the small intestine via bile from the liver

Answer 34

bilirubin

Question 35

in order to make new RBCs, more stem cells must be coerced to differentiate into RBCs by the hormone --

Answer 35

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 36

RBC have an unusual -- shape that provides them with increased surface area and the ability to be flexible as they move through small vessels

Answer 36

biconcave disc

Question 37

critical component of RBC is the protein

Answer 37

hemoglobin

Question 38

each cell contains about -- hemoglobin molecules

Answer 38

250 million

Question 39

functional hemoglobin consists of four proteins chains, each wrapped around a --

Answer 39

iron (heme) core

Question 40

hemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of O2. In total, a single RBC can carry about -- oxygen molecules

Answer 40

a billion

Question 41

as hemoglobin binds to one O2 molecule, a -- occurs to allow for the loading of the next three O2 molecules

Answer 41

conformational change

Question 42

once O2 is unloaded in the capillary beds, some of the CO2 produced by the cells will be carried by --

Answer 42

hemoglobin

Question 43

after the dissociation of the carbonic acid, hemoglobin can carry --

Answer 43

hydrogen ions

Question 44

bicarbonate ions are carried by --

Answer 44

plasma

Question 45

-- states that the increasing concentrations of hydrogen ions (which decrease blood pH) and increasing concentrations of CO2 will decrease hemoglobin's affinity for O2

Answer 45

Bohr effect

Question 46

in lungs a -- level of O2 will encourage the dissociation of hydrogen ions from hemoglobin which will join with bicarbonate ions in the plasma to form CO2 and water

Answer 46

high

Question 47

enzyme -- catalyzes the formation and disassociation of carbonic acid

Answer 47

carbonic anhydrase

Question 48

T/F: leukocytes are a diverse collection of cells, all of which are derived from stem cells, in the red bone marrow; all of them function within the immune system

Answer 48

true

Question 49

white blood cell level can fluctuate greatly, particularly when a person is --

Answer 49

fighting infection

Question 50

WBC that have cytoplasm with a granular appearance

Answer 50

granulocytes

Question 51

granulocytes includes neutrophils, --, and eosinophils

Answer 51

basophils

Question 52

granulocytes used to perform phagocytosis

Answer 52

neutrophils

Question 53

granulocytes involved in inflammation and allergies

Answer 53

basophils and eosinophils

Question 54

WBC that have cytoplasm that does not have a grainy appearance

Answer 54

agranulocytes

Question 55

agranulocytes include monocytes and --

Answer 55

lymphocytes

Question 56

monocytes (mature into macrophages) perform --

Answer 56

phagocytosis

Question 57

-- or platelets are fragments of bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes

Answer 57

thrombocytes

Question 58

platelets only live -- days once they mature, so they are replaced often

Answer 58

10-12 days

Question 59

during injury to blood vessels, platelets release -- which converts an inactive plasma protein, prothrombin to the active form, thrombin

Answer 59

thromboplastin

Question 60

thrombin converts fibrinogen to --

Answer 60

fibrin

Question 61

fibrin forms a -- around the injury that serves to trap other cells, forming a clot

Answer 61

meshwork

Question 62

the process of blood clotting requires multiple plasma proteins as well as calcium and --

Answer 62

vitamin K