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Structure and Function of Systems > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood is a – used to deliver oxygen, nutrients, water, hormones, and ions to all cells of the body

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

blood is also used to pick up CO2 and wastes produced by cells and to move these to the appropriate areas for –

A

elimination

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3
Q

blood assists in – in the body as well as fighting infectious diseases

A

thermoregulation

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4
Q

critical functions of the cardiovascular system are achieved by blood – through the system

A

transported

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5
Q

blood consists of a –, plasma, and formed elements of cells

A

liquid matrix

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6
Q

humans contain between – liters of blood

A

4-6

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7
Q

T/F: entire blood volume can be circulated through the body in less than one minute

A

true

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8
Q

pH of blood is

A

7.4 (slightly basic)

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9
Q

temperature of blood is

A

slightly warmer than body temp

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10
Q

changing patterns of circulation can help – heat to where it is needed

A

distributed

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11
Q

decreases the diameter of vessels, which keeps blood closer to the core to warm the body

A

vasoconstriction

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12
Q

increases the diameter of the vessels, allowing them to release heat toward the surface of the skin to cool the body

A

vasodilation

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13
Q

liquid portion of the blood

A

plasma

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14
Q

plasma makes up about – % of the total volume of the blood

A

55

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15
Q

primary component of plasma

A

water

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16
Q

in order to adjust the volume of blood, the – can be altered

A

water levels of plasma

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17
Q

increase in blood volume will – blood pressure

A

increase

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18
Q

T/F: plasma also contains nutrients cell waste products, respiratory gases, ions, hormones, and proteins

A

true

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19
Q

three classes of plasma proteins are produced by the –

A

liver

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20
Q

plasma protein used in immune responses

A

immunoglobulins

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21
Q

plasma protein used to transport certain molecules within the blood

A

albumins

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22
Q

plasma protein that is an inactive form of a protein that is needed to clot blood

A

fibrinogen

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23
Q

formed elements or cells of the blood are all derived from stem cells in the –

A

bone marrow

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24
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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25
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

26
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes

27
Q

the – value of blood is a relative comparison of cell volume to plasma volume

A

hematocrit

28
Q

% of blood – by cells is called the hematocrit value which is generally about 45

A

occupied

29
Q

hematocrit values are primarily influenced by –

A

RBCs

30
Q

most abundant type of blood cell

A

RBC

31
Q

as RBCs mature from stem cells in the bone marrow, they lose –

A

organelles

32
Q

without organelles, RBCs can’t perform aerobic cellular respiration and – to replicate themselves

A

mitosis

33
Q

RBCs live about – days, at which point they are destroyed by the liver and spleen

A

120

34
Q

end product of RBCs’ hemoglobin breakdown is –, which is ultimately excreted into the small intestine via bile from the liver

A

bilirubin

35
Q

in order to make new RBCs, more stem cells must be coerced to differentiate into RBCs by the hormone –

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

36
Q

RBC have an unusual – shape that provides them with increased surface area and the ability to be flexible as they move through small vessels

A

biconcave disc

37
Q

critical component of RBC is the protein

A

hemoglobin

38
Q

each cell contains about – hemoglobin molecules

A

250 million

39
Q

functional hemoglobin consists of four proteins chains, each wrapped around a –

A

iron (heme) core

40
Q

hemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of O2. In total, a single RBC can carry about – oxygen molecules

A

a billion

41
Q

as hemoglobin binds to one O2 molecule, a – occurs to allow for the loading of the next three O2 molecules

A

conformational change

42
Q

once O2 is unloaded in the capillary beds, some of the CO2 produced by the cells will be carried by –

A

hemoglobin

43
Q

after the dissociation of the carbonic acid, hemoglobin can carry –

A

hydrogen ions

44
Q

bicarbonate ions are carried by –

A

plasma

45
Q

– states that the increasing concentrations of hydrogen ions (which decrease blood pH) and increasing concentrations of CO2 will decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for O2

A

Bohr effect

46
Q

in lungs a – level of O2 will encourage the dissociation of hydrogen ions from hemoglobin which will join with bicarbonate ions in the plasma to form CO2 and water

A

high

47
Q

enzyme – catalyzes the formation and disassociation of carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

48
Q

T/F: leukocytes are a diverse collection of cells, all of which are derived from stem cells, in the red bone marrow; all of them function within the immune system

A

true

49
Q

white blood cell level can fluctuate greatly, particularly when a person is –

A

fighting infection

50
Q

WBC that have cytoplasm with a granular appearance

A

granulocytes

51
Q

granulocytes includes neutrophils, –, and eosinophils

A

basophils

52
Q

granulocytes used to perform phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

53
Q

granulocytes involved in inflammation and allergies

A

basophils and eosinophils

54
Q

WBC that have cytoplasm that does not have a grainy appearance

A

agranulocytes

55
Q

agranulocytes include monocytes and –

A

lymphocytes

56
Q

monocytes (mature into macrophages) perform –

A

phagocytosis

57
Q

– or platelets are fragments of bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes

A

thrombocytes

58
Q

platelets only live – days once they mature, so they are replaced often

A

10-12 days

59
Q

during injury to blood vessels, platelets release – which converts an inactive plasma protein, prothrombin to the active form, thrombin

A

thromboplastin

60
Q

thrombin converts fibrinogen to –

A

fibrin

61
Q

fibrin forms a – around the injury that serves to trap other cells, forming a clot

A

meshwork

62
Q

the process of blood clotting requires multiple plasma proteins as well as calcium and –

A

vitamin K

Structure and Function of Systems (17 decks)

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