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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A 
Olfaction
Filtration, warming and humidification of inspired air
produce sound for vocalization
responsible for gas exchange
helps regulate blood pH
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2
Q

Divisions of Respiratory System

A

Functional

Structural

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3
Q

Functional Respiratory System

A

Conducting portion

Respiratory portion

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4
Q

transports air into and out of lungs

A

Conducting portion

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5
Q

Parts of conducting portion

A 
nose
pharynx
 larynx
 trachea
 bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

Parts of respiratory portion

A 
Acinus:
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sac
alveoli
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7
Q

Structural Respiratory System

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

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8
Q

Parts of Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

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9
Q

an external structure that protrudes from the face and supported by nasal bones and cartilage

A

Nose

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10
Q

stiff hairs within the nostrils at the anterior nares

filter impurities

A

vibrissae

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11
Q

humidifies the air before conducted into the lower respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity

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12
Q

a funel tube, about 13 cm long, that starts from the internal nares and extends to the level of cricoid cartilage

A

pharynx

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13
Q

superior portion that lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium where the cilia are sweeping downward

A

nasopharynx

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14
Q

the intermediate portion of the pharynx that lies posteriorly to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of hyoid bone

A

oropharynx

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15
Q

inferior portion of the pharynx that begins at the level of hyoid bone and opens to the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly

aka hypopharynx

A

laryngopharynx

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16
Q

a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea

aka voice box

A

larynx

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17
Q

consists of 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape

A

thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

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18
Q

the ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage, covered with epithelium that closes the larynx upon swallowing

A

epiglottis

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19
Q

a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx

serves as landmark for making emergency airway (tracheostomy)
attached to the thyroid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament
attached to 1st cartilage of trachea by cricotrachel ligament

A

cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

parts of Lower Respiratory Tract

A 
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary and tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
acinus
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21
Q

16-20 c-shaped cartilages

a tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter
located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the T5 where it bifurcates into R and L bronchi

most sensitive part that has coughing reflexes

mucosa is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

A

trachea

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22
Q

function of trachea

A

maintain patency of airway

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23
Q

a cartilaginous ridge between the two bronchi and the point where the trachea bifurcates into R and L primary bronchi

A

Carina

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24
Q

serves as a passageway of air to the right and left lung

A

primary bronchi

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25
mucosa of primary bronchi
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
26
subdivisions of the main bronchi and spread in an inverted tree-like formation
Secondary and tertiary bronchi
27
lined with simple ciliated columnar epithelium with some goblet cells
larger bronchioles
28
lined with simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells
smaller bronchioles
29
the last airway of the conducting system
terminal bronchioles
30
composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac and alveoli
acinus or alveoli
31
branch from the respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
32
arises from the ducts, contain clusters of alveoli
alveolar sac
33
basic unit of gas exchange
alveoli
34
2 types of cells in alveoli
Type I Pneumocyte | Type II Pneumocyte
35
predominant simple squamous epithelial cells that form a nearly continuous lining of alveolar wall
Type I Pneumocyte
36
fewer in number rounded or cuboidal epithelial cells where free surfaces contain microvilli and secretes alveolar fluid that keep the alveolar walls moist
Type II Pneumocyte
37
a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of the alveolar fluid thereby reducing the tendency of the alveoli to collapse
surfactant
38
paired cone-shaped organs that are essential for breathing | are elastic connective tissues, called stroma and are soft and spongy
lungs
39
parts of lungs
apex base hilus
40
a pointed portion that lies below the clavicles | superior
apex
41
inferior portion that rests on the diaphragm
base
42
a slit on the mediastinal surface of each lung where blood vessels of the pulmonary and circulatory systems enter and exit the lungs
hilus
43
lobes of the lungs
right lung | left lung
44
consists of 3 lobes (superior, intermediate, inferior) and have 10 bronchopulmonary segements
Right lung
45
much smaller than right and consists of 2 lobes (superior, inferior) and have 2 bronchopulmonary segments
Left lung
46
a doubled-layer membrane that covers the lungs and the inside of the thoracic cavities
pleura
47
outer serous membrane that lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum contains pain receptors
parietal pleura
48
inner serous membrane that covers the external surface of the lung no pain receptors
visceral pleura
49
Defenses of the Respiratory system
Mucocillary transport alveolar clearance reflexes of the airways
50
escalator system provides a major defense of the respiratory tract that includes goblet cells, mucus and ciliated epithelial cells
mucocillary transport
51
macrophage activity is the principal alveolar defense against particles and it includes mucocillary transport, blood flow/vessels and lyphatic vessels
alveolar clearance
52
includes sneezing, coughing, gagging and bronchospasm/bronchonstriction reflex
reflexes o the airways
53
Muscles of Breathing
Quiet Breathing | Forced breathing
54
Quiet breathing muscles
diaphragm muscle | external intercostal muscle
55
dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm muscle
56
superficial muscle between the ribs that pulls the ribs upward and outward
external intercostal muscle
57
forced breathing muscles
``` Inspiration: Sternocleidomastoid Scalene Pectoral Trapezius ``` Expiration: Internal Intercostal Abdominal muscles
58
sides of the neck | raises sternum
sternocleidomastoid
59
in the neck | elevates, fix and expand the upper chest
scalene
60
upper chest | raises the chest to increase the A-P diameter
pectoral
61
upper back | raises the back upon forced inspiration
trapezius
62
deep muscles between the ribs | shortens the chest transverse diameter
internal intercostal
63
pulls down the lower chest | depressing the lower ribs
abdominal muscles
64
Involuntary Components
Chemoreceptors Lung Stretch Receptors Impulses from Other Sources
65
monitors level of carbon dioxide, oxygen and the pH of blood
Chemoreceptors
66
Hering-Breuer Reflex | monitor patterns of breathing and prevent overexpansion of lung tissues
Lung Stretch Receptors
67
e.g. frigtened, angry | autonomic nervous system
Impulses from other sources
68
integrates breathing with acts such as talking, speaking, singing
voluntary component
69
process of gas exchange in the body
respiration
70
exchange of gases between air spaces (alveoli) of the lungs and the blood in the and pulmonary capillaries
External Respiration
71
exchange of gases between blood and systemic capillaries and tissue cells
Internal Respiration
72
2 types of respiration
External and Internal respiration
73
mechanical flow of air into and out of lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation
74
passage of blood through lung tissue
Pulmonary Perfusion
75
ratio of ventilation to perfusion that expresses the effectiveness of gas exchange
V/Q ratio
76
normal V/Q ratio
4L/min air | 5L/min blood
77
atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
78
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Aortic bodies | Carotid bodies

Anatomy (19 decks)

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