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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Nervous System

A 
sensory function
integrative function (interpretation)
motor function
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2
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System

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3
Q

consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

2 Divisions of Peripheral nervous sysem

A

Sensory/Afferent

Motor/Efferent

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5
Q

conduct action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory/Afferent

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6
Q

conduct action potentials from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands; depends on neurons

A

Motor/Efferent

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7
Q

2 subdivisions of Motor/Efferent Peripheral Nervous System

A

somatic

autonomic

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8
Q

allows to control consciously or voluntarily control skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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9
Q

regulates events that are autonomic or involuntary, such as activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

2 parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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11
Q

aka nerve cells

highly specialized to transmit from one part of the body to another

A

neuron

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12
Q

metabolic center of the neurons

A

cell body

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13
Q

processes that convey messages toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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14
Q

generate nerve impusles and conduct them away from the cell body

A

axon

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15
Q

a membrane that encloses the axon; insulates axons; not all neurons have this; faster travel of impulses

A

myelin sheath

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16
Q

specialized supporting cells that wrap tighly around the axon of PNS

A

schwann cells

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17
Q

gaps or indentations in the myelin sheath located at regular intervals

A

nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

site for CHON synthesis in neurons; contributes to grayish color of cell body

A

Nissl bodies

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19
Q

trigger zone

A

axon hillock

initial segment

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20
Q

electrical segments start here

A

trigger zone

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21
Q

a cone-shaped elevation that joins the cylindrical portion of an axon

A

axon hillok

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22
Q

1at part of an axon

A

initial segment

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23
Q

types of neuron accdg. to function

A

afferent/sensory
efferent/motor
interneuron

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24
Q

types of neuron accdg. to shape

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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25
transmits impulses from receptors to CNS
afferent/sensory
26
CNS to effector organ
efferent/motor
27
one neuron to another neuron
interneuron
28
``` typical neuron shape; CNS; motor neurons many processes - dendrites one axon can have collateral branch axons angle of 90 degrees ```
multipolar
29
shape of neurons in retina of eye, inner ear, olfactory area of brain axon or dendrite on opposite sides center is cell body
bipolar
30
has bulbs; sensory neurons
unipolar
31
effectors
gland | muscles
32
dont conduct electrical impulses non-neuronal cells o the CNS and PNS supporting cells in the CNS more numberous than neuons
neuroglia
33
types of neuroglia
astrocyte ependymal cells microglia oligodendrocytes
34
located in CNS star-shaped cells provide structural support does not block alcohol form a layer around blood vessels that contribute to blood-brain barrier
astrocyte
35
squamous epethelial-like lines ventricles of the brain circulate cerebrospinal fluid some form choroid plexus
ependymal cells
36
produces CSF
choroid plexus
37
small mobile cells protects CNS from infection, become phagocytic in response to inflammation
microglia
38
cell with processes that can surround several axons cell processes for myelin sheaths around axons or enclose nmyelinated axons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
39
a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or an effector organ such as the muscle or gland
Neuromuscluar junction or synapse
40
end of the axon
pre-synaptic terminal
41
the space that separates the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane
synaptic cleft
42
the membrane of the dendrite or effector cell
post-synaptic terminal
43
chemical substances stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminal
neurotransmitter
44
resting state; there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuron's plasma membrane than there are on its outer surface in the tissue fluid that surrounds it
polarization
45
the inward push of sodium ion that lead into the changes of the polarity of the neuron's membrane; causes electrical impulses when it reaches threshold (40-50 volts)
depolarization
46
the outflow of positive ions from the cell that restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the polarized or resting state; normal state
repolarization
47
the faster type of impulse propagation along fibers that have myelin sheath; leaping junction
saltatory conduction
48
3 fibrous connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
meninges
49
meninges
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
50
hard mater; most superficial and thickest of the meninges | double layered membrane that lines the skull and the spine
dura mater
51
dura mater
periostal layer | meningeal layer
52
tightly attached to the inner surface of the skull forming the periosteum of the skull
periostal layer
53
forms the outermost covering of the brain and continuous as the dura mater of the spinal cord
meningeal layer
54
very thin, cobweb-like strands of fibrous connective tissue
arachnoid mater
55
where excess CNS from brain exits
arachnoid villi
56
space between the dura mater and arachnoid
subdural space
57
gentle mater; innermost membrane, on surface of the brain and SC
pia mater
58
space between the arachnoid and pia mater which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (tissue fluid of CNS)
subarachnoid space
59
a cylindrical, glistening white continuation of the brain stem enclosed within the vertebral column extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra
spinal cord
60
structural component of spinal cord
ascending pathways | descending pathways
61
consist of axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain
ascending pathways
62
consist of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain
descending pathways
63
arise along the spinal cord from the union of the dorsal roots and ventral roots categorized by the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge: cervilca, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
spinal nerves
64
an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS
reflex
65
the neuronal pathway by which the reflex occurs the basic functional unit of the nervous system
reflex arc
66
5 basic components of reflex arc
``` sensory receptor sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron effector organ ```
67
simpelst reflex in which muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to it
stretch reflex
68
ex. of stretch reflex when the patellar ligament is tapped, the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon and muscles themselves are stretched. sensory receptors within these muscles are also stretched and the stretch reflex is activate. consequently, contraction of the muscles extends the leg, producing the characteristic knee-jerk response
knee-jerk reflex/patellar reflex
69
the function is to remove a limb or other body part from a painful stimulus
withdrawal reflex/flexor reflex
70
neuroglial cells of PNS
schwann cells | satellite cells
71
flattened cells arranged around the cell bodies of neurons in a ganglia
satellite cells
72
collection of cell bodies
ganglia
73
terminal portion of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves below the first lumbar nerve; resembles horse tail
cauda equina
74
tapered, conical portion, inferior to lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord
conus medullaris
75
extension of pia mater that extends inferiorly and achors the spinal cord to the coccyx; reason why spinal cord doesnt loosen when we age
filum terminale
76
cell bodies of neurons
gray matter
77
myelinated and unmyelinated nerves
white matter
78
where CSF passes | from 4th ventricle to longitudinal area of spinal cord
central canal

Anatomy (19 decks)

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