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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Nervous System

A 
sensory function
integrative function (interpretation)
motor function
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2
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System

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3
Q

consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

2 Divisions of Peripheral nervous sysem

A

Sensory/Afferent

Motor/Efferent

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5
Q

conduct action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory/Afferent

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6
Q

conduct action potentials from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands; depends on neurons

A

Motor/Efferent

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7
Q

2 subdivisions of Motor/Efferent Peripheral Nervous System

A

somatic

autonomic

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8
Q

allows to control consciously or voluntarily control skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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9
Q

regulates events that are autonomic or involuntary, such as activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

2 parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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11
Q

aka nerve cells

highly specialized to transmit from one part of the body to another

A

neuron

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12
Q

metabolic center of the neurons

A

cell body

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13
Q

processes that convey messages toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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14
Q

generate nerve impusles and conduct them away from the cell body

A

axon

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15
Q

a membrane that encloses the axon; insulates axons; not all neurons have this; faster travel of impulses

A

myelin sheath

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16
Q

specialized supporting cells that wrap tighly around the axon of PNS

A

schwann cells

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17
Q

gaps or indentations in the myelin sheath located at regular intervals

A

nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

site for CHON synthesis in neurons; contributes to grayish color of cell body

A

Nissl bodies

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19
Q

trigger zone

A

axon hillock

initial segment

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20
Q

electrical segments start here

A

trigger zone

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21
Q

a cone-shaped elevation that joins the cylindrical portion of an axon

A

axon hillok

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22
Q

1at part of an axon

A

initial segment

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23
Q

types of neuron accdg. to function

A

afferent/sensory
efferent/motor
interneuron

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24
Q

types of neuron accdg. to shape

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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25
Q

transmits impulses from receptors to CNS

A

afferent/sensory

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26
Q

CNS to effector organ

A

efferent/motor

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27
Q

one neuron to another neuron

A

interneuron

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28
Q 
typical neuron shape; CNS; motor neurons
many processes - dendrites
one axon
can have collateral branch axons
angle of 90 degrees
A

multipolar

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29
Q

shape of neurons in retina of eye, inner ear, olfactory area of brain

axon or dendrite on opposite sides
center is cell body

A

bipolar

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30
Q

has bulbs; sensory neurons

A

unipolar

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31
Q

effectors

A

gland

muscles

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32
Q

dont conduct electrical impulses
non-neuronal cells o the CNS and PNS
supporting cells in the CNS
more numberous than neuons

A

neuroglia

33
Q

types of neuroglia

A

astrocyte
ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes

34
Q

located in CNS
star-shaped cells

provide structural support does not block alcohol
form a layer around blood vessels that contribute to blood-brain barrier

A

astrocyte

35
Q

squamous epethelial-like

lines ventricles of the brain
circulate cerebrospinal fluid
some form choroid plexus

A

ependymal cells

36
Q

produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

37
Q

small mobile cells

protects CNS from infection, become phagocytic in response to inflammation

A

microglia

38
Q

cell with processes that can surround several axons

cell processes for myelin sheaths around axons or enclose nmyelinated axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

39
Q

a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or an effector organ such as the muscle or gland

A

Neuromuscluar junction or synapse

40
Q

end of the axon

A

pre-synaptic terminal

41
Q

the space that separates the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane

A

synaptic cleft

42
Q

the membrane of the dendrite or effector cell

A

post-synaptic terminal

43
Q

chemical substances stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminal

A

neurotransmitter

44
Q

resting state; there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuron’s plasma membrane than there are on its outer surface in the tissue fluid that surrounds it

A

polarization

45
Q

the inward push of sodium ion that lead into the changes of the polarity of the neuron’s membrane; causes electrical impulses when it reaches threshold (40-50 volts)

A

depolarization

46
Q

the outflow of positive ions from the cell that restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the polarized or resting state; normal state

A

repolarization

47
Q

the faster type of impulse propagation along fibers that have myelin sheath; leaping junction

A

saltatory conduction

48
Q

3 fibrous connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

49
Q

meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

50
Q

hard mater; most superficial and thickest of the meninges

double layered membrane that lines the skull and the spine

A

dura mater

51
Q

dura mater

A

periostal layer

meningeal layer

52
Q

tightly attached to the inner surface of the skull forming the periosteum of the skull

A

periostal layer

53
Q

forms the outermost covering of the brain and continuous as the dura mater of the spinal cord

A

meningeal layer

54
Q

very thin, cobweb-like strands of fibrous connective tissue

A

arachnoid mater

55
Q

where excess CNS from brain exits

A

arachnoid villi

56
Q

space between the dura mater and arachnoid

A

subdural space

57
Q

gentle mater; innermost membrane, on surface of the brain and SC

A

pia mater

58
Q

space between the arachnoid and pia mater which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (tissue fluid of CNS)

A

subarachnoid space

59
Q

a cylindrical, glistening white continuation of the brain stem enclosed within the vertebral column

extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra

A

spinal cord

60
Q

structural component of spinal cord

A

ascending pathways

descending pathways

61
Q

consist of axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain

A

ascending pathways

62
Q

consist of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain

A

descending pathways

63
Q

arise along the spinal cord from the union of the dorsal roots and ventral roots

categorized by the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge: cervilca, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

A

spinal nerves

64
Q

an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS

A

reflex

65
Q

the neuronal pathway by which the reflex occurs

the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

reflex arc

66
Q

5 basic components of reflex arc

A 
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
effector organ
67
Q

simpelst reflex in which muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to it

A

stretch reflex

68
Q

ex. of stretch reflex

when the patellar ligament is tapped, the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon and muscles themselves are stretched. sensory receptors within these muscles are also stretched and the stretch reflex is activate. consequently, contraction of the muscles extends the leg, producing the characteristic knee-jerk response

A

knee-jerk reflex/patellar reflex

69
Q

the function is to remove a limb or other body part from a painful stimulus

A

withdrawal reflex/flexor reflex

70
Q

neuroglial cells of PNS

A

schwann cells

satellite cells

71
Q

flattened cells arranged around the cell bodies of neurons in a ganglia

A

satellite cells

72
Q

collection of cell bodies

A

ganglia

73
Q

terminal portion of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves below the first lumbar nerve; resembles horse tail

A

cauda equina

74
Q

tapered, conical portion, inferior to lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

75
Q

extension of pia mater that extends inferiorly and achors the spinal cord to the coccyx; reason why spinal cord doesnt loosen when we age

A

filum terminale

76
Q

cell bodies of neurons

A

gray matter

77
Q

myelinated and unmyelinated nerves

A

white matter

78
Q

where CSF passes

from 4th ventricle to longitudinal area of spinal cord

A

central canal

Anatomy (19 decks)

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