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Cell Division and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Inerphase

A

time between cell divisions
DNA is found as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus
DNA replication occurs during the interphase

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2
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes
each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere
centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell
nuclear envelopes disappear

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3
Q

chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers

A

Metaphase

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4
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes
chromosomes assisted by the spindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end of the cell

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5
Q

Telophase

A

arrival of chromosomes at the opposite poles
chromosomes disperse
nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form
cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells
formation of cleavage furrow

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6
Q

produces 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell; each of these cells will have 46 chromosomes

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

the formation of sperm cells and female sex cells which occurs only in the testes and ovaries respectively

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

the role of RNA

A

functions as a messenger and a decoder of the DNA to achieve DNA’s task of specifying the structure of proteins to be built at the ribosomes

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9
Q

Thee Varieties of RNA

A

tRNA
rRNA
mRNA

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10
Q

recognize a specific amino acid and attach itself to that amino acid

A

tRNA

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11
Q

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

A

rRNa

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12
Q

carry the message containing instructions for protein synthesis; photocopy of DNA instructions

A

mRNA

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13
Q

involves the transfer of information from DNA base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA; occurs in nucleus

A

Transcription

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14
Q

the phase where the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is translated into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence); occurs in cytoplasm

A

Translation

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15
Q

genetic code is copied or transcribed onto mRNA in the cell nucleus

A

Transcription

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16
Q

mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where the coded info is translated into specific amino acid sequences in a protein

A

Translation

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17
Q

4 Primary Types of body tissues

A

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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18
Q

the lining, covering, glandular tissue of the body

A

Epithelium

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19
Q

Parts of Epithelium

A

apical surface

basement membrane

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20
Q

part of epithelium that is avascular

A

apical surface

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21
Q

part of epithelium attached to connective tissue with blood vessels and capillaries

A

basement membrane

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22
Q

division of cytoplasm that begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase

A

Cytokinesis

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23
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A

Absorption
Filtration
Protection
Secretion

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24
Q

Characteristics of Epithelium

A

epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
the membranes always have on free or unattached surface- apical surface
have no blood supply of their own and depend on diffusion from the capillaries in the underlying connective tissues
if well nourished, epithelial cells can regenerate themselves easily

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25
Classification of Epithelium by cell arrangement
simple | stratified
26
Classification of epithelium by cell shape
squamous cuboidal columnar
27
flattened, like fish scales
squamous epithelium
28
cube-shaped like dice
cuboidal
29
shaped like columns
columnar
30
Function of Simple Epithelium
absorption, secretion, filtration
31
This type of epithelium usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs
Simple Squamous Epith.
32
location of simple squamous epith.
air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, serous membranes
33
common in glands and their ducts, walls of kidney tubules, suface of ovaries
simple cuboidal epith.
34
has presence of goblet cells
Simple columnar Epith
35
lines entire length of digestive tract from the stomach to the anus
Simple columnar Epith
36
function of simple columnar epith
absorption, gastric secretions
37
secrete mucus for lubrication
goblet cells
38
all of the cells rest on the basement membrane | some cells are shorter thna the others and nuclei appear at different heighs
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
39
function of Stratified Epith.
protection
40
named according to the type of cell at the free edge
Stratified Epith.
41
most common stratified epithelium; found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction
Stratified squamous
42
location of stratified squamous
esophagus, mouth, outer portion of the skin
43
RARE; only in ducts of large glands
Stratified cuboidal epith | stratified columnar epith
44
stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of a few organs, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra
Transitional epith
45
when stretched as when filled with urine, the rounded, domelike superficial cells flatten and become squamouslike
Transitional epith
46
consists of one or more cells that make and secret a particular product called a secretion
gland
47
ductless glands; secretions are hormones; go through blood
Endocrine glads
48
Examples of endocrine glands
thyroid gland, adrenals and pituitary gland
49
empty their secretions to the epithelial surface through the ducts
Exocrine glands
50
examples of exocrine glands
sweat glands, oil glands, liver, pancreas
51
consists of living cells surrounded by a matrix | most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types
Connective tissue
52
function of connective tissue
connects body parts
53
Common characteristics of connective tissues
Variations of blood supply | Extracellular matrix
54
well vascularized connective tissue
bone
55
connective tissue with poor blood supply
tendons and ligaments
56
avascular connective tissue
cartilage
57
white fiber; high tensile strength;
collagen
58
yellow fiber; ability to be stretched and then recoil
elastic
59
fine collagen fibers; found in spleen
reticular
60
makes the CT able to withstand stretching and other abuses
extracellular matrix
61
aka osseus tissue
bone
62
matrix of bone
hard matrix with Ca salts and abundant collagen fibers
63
less hard and more flexible than bone
cartilage
64
abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, bluish appearance
hyaline cartilage
65
location of hyaline cartilage
larynx; attaches ribs to breastbone; covers ends of bones where they form joints
66
provides rigidity with even more flexibility
elastic cartilage
67
location of elastic cartilage
external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
68
flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure and connects structures subject to greater pressure
fibrocartliage
69
collagen fibers are the main matrix element presence of fibroblasts between fiber form strong ropelike structures
Dense connective tissue
70
matrix looks shiny white consists mailly of parallel collagen fibers arranged in bundles few elastic fibers
regular
71
location of regular DCT
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
72
muscle to bone
tendon
73
bone to bone
ligament
74
consists of predominantly collagen fibers | randomly arranged with some elastic fibers
irregular
75
location of irregular DCT
dermis, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and of joints
76
consist of predominantly freely branching elastic fibers and fibroblast are present in spaces between fibers
Elastic
77
location of elastic DCT
lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes
78
softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than any connective tissue type except blood
loose connective tissue
79
consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) and several kinds of cells (fibroblast, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells) embedded in a semifluid ground substance
Areolar tissue
80
location of areolar tissue
subcutaneous layer deep to skin, papillary (superficial) region of dermis of skin, lamina propria, of mucous membranes and around blood vessels, nerves and body organs, capillaries
81
consists of adipocytes,
adipose tissue
82
cells specialized to store triglycerides (fats) as a large ventrally located droplet; nucles and cytoplasm are peripherally located
adipocytes
83
adipose tissue location
found in subcutaneous tissue beneath skin, around kidneys, cushions eyeballs in their sockets, fat depots in hips and breasts
84
interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells
reticular connective tissue
85
reticular connective tissue
lymphocytes, lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow
86
aka vascular tissue
blood
87
considered a connective tissue because it contains blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma
blood
88
transport vehicle which carries nutrients, wastes, O2, CO2, etc
blood
89
highly specialized to contract or shorten, to produce movement
Muscle tissue
90
attached to the skeleton voluntary long, cyndrical, multinucleated cells has striations
Skeletal muscle
91
found in heart involuntary uninucleate has striations
cardiac muscle
92
contain gap, junctions that allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell, resulting in rapid conductions of impulses across the heart
intercalated disks
93
``` aka visceral muscles no striations uninucleate spindle shaped (pointed ends) found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels, airways involuntary ```
smooth muscle
94
cells of nervous tissue | receive and conduct electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
neurons
95
two major functional characteristics of neurons
irritability and conductivity

Anatomy (19 decks)

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