Endocrine System

Question 1

Functions of Endocrine System

Answer 1

water balance
uterine, contraction and milk release
growth, metabolism and tissue maturation
ion regulation
heart rate and blood pressure regulation
blood glucose control
immune system regulation
reproductive functions control

Question 2

a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body

enters interstitial fluid and then the blooodstream

Answer 2

hormone

Question 3

mediator molecules

Answer 3

nervous: neurotransmitter
endocrine: hormone

Question 4

site of mediator action

Answer 4

nervous: close to site
endocrine: far

Question 5

types of target cells

Answer 5

nervous: muscles
endocrine: all body cells

Question 6

time to onset of action

Answer 6

nervous: milliseconds
endocrine: seconds to hours to days

Question 7

duration of action

Answer 7

nervous: brief
endocrine: longer

Question 8

other name of pituitary gland

Answer 8

hypophysis

Question 9

other name of posterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

neurohypophysis

Question 10

does not synthesize hormones but only stores and release 2 hormones

Answer 10

posterior pituitary gland

Question 11

hormones stored by PPG

Answer 11

ADH

Oxytocin

Question 12

target organ and function of ADH

Answer 12

kidney

increases water reabsorption

Question 13

other name of ADH

Answer 13

vasopressin

Question 14

target organ and function ocytocin

Answer 14

uterus (muscle layer-myometrium)
mammary glands

increases uterine contraction
increases milk “let down” from mammary glands

Question 15

oxytocin is used only for a few months and replaced by

Answer 15

prolactin

Question 16

stalk connecting pituitary to hypothalamus

Answer 16

infundibulum

Question 17

other name of anterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

adenohypophysis

Question 18

composed of epithelial tissues

secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities from growth to reproduction

Answer 18

anterior pituitary gland

Question 19

hormones synthesized by APG

Answer 19

GH
TSH
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
MSH
LH or ICSH
FSH
Prolactin

Question 20

cells that produce GH

Answer 20

somatotrophs

Question 21

cells that produce TSH

Answer 21

thyrotrophs

Question 22

cells that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 22

corticotrophs

Question 23

cells that produce LH and FSH

Answer 23

Gonadotrophs

Question 24

cells that produce Prolactin

Answer 24

lactotrophs

Question 25

target organ and response of GH

Answer 25

most tissues increases protein synthesis, breakdown of lipis and release of fatty acids from cells increase blood glucose level

Question 26

target organ and response of TSH

Answer 26

thyroid gland increases thyroid hormone secretion (T3,T4)

Question 27

target organ and response of Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 27

adrenal cortex increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol increases skin pigmentation at high concentrations

Question 28

target organ and response of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Answer 28

melanocytes in skin increases production of melanocytes to make the skin darker in color

Question 29

target organ and response of LH

Answer 29

ovary testes promotes ovulation and progesterone production in ovary testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testis

Question 30

target organ and response of FSH

Answer 30

follicles in ovary seminiferous tubules in males promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovary sperm cell production in testis

Question 31

target organ and response of Prolactin

Answer 31

ovary and mammary glands testis stimulates milk production and prolongs progesterone secretion following ovulation and during pregnancy in women increases sensitivity to LH in males

Question 32

hormones secreted by thyroid gland

Answer 32

``` thyroid hormone (thyroxine/triiodotheyronine) calcitonin ```

Question 33

target organ and response of thyroid hormone

Answer 33

most cells of the body Increases metabolic rates, essential for normal process growth and maturation

Question 34

target organ and response of calcitonin

Answer 34

priamarily bone decreases rate of bone break down prevents large increase in blood calcium levels following a meal

Question 35

4 small glands at posterior portion of thyroid glands

Answer 35

parathyroid glands

Question 36

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands

Answer 36

parathormone

Question 37

other names of parathormone

Answer 37

paracalcitonin | parathyroid hormone

Question 38

target organ and response of parathormone

Answer 38

bone increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclast kidney increases vitamin D synthesis, essential for maintenance of normal blood calcium levels

Question 39

both endocrine and exocrine functions

Answer 39

pancreas

Question 40

endocrine function of pancreas

Answer 40

digestive system

Question 41

hormones secreted by pancreas

Answer 41

insulin | glucagon

Question 42

target organ and response of insulin

Answer 42

liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids liver Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the circulatory system

Question 43

cluster of endocrine cells in pancreas

Answer 43

Islets of langerhans

Question 44

other name of Adrenal glands

Answer 44

suprarenal glands

Question 45

superior to kidneys

Answer 45

adrenal glands

Question 46

inner layer; modified extension of nerve fibers from sympathetic nervous system

Answer 46

adrenal medulla

Question 47

outer layer

Answer 47

adrenal cortex

Question 48

hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

Answer 48

epinephrine and some norepinephrine

Question 49

target organ and response of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 49

heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells increases cardiac output increases bloodflow to skeletal muscles and heart increases release of glucose and fatty acids into blood

Question 50

hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

Answer 50

mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids adrenal androgens

Question 51

target organ and response of mineralocorticoids

Answer 51

kidney increases rate of sodium transport into body increases rate of potassium excretion secondarily favor water retention aldosterone (stimulate posterior pituitary gland to release ADH)

Question 52

target organ and response of glucocorticoids

Answer 52

most tissues (liver, fat, skeletal muscle, immune tissues) increase fat (glycolysis) and protein breakdown increase glucose synthesis from amino acids (gluconeogenesis) increases blood nutrient levels inhibit inflammation and immune response

Question 53

target organ and response of adrenal androgens

Answer 53

most tissues insignificant in males increase female sexual drive, pubic hair, axillary hair growth; converted to estrogen

Question 54

3 parts of adrenal cortex

Answer 54

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis

Question 55

zona glomerulosa

Answer 55

mineralocorticoids

Question 56

zona fasciculata

Answer 56

glucocorticoids

Question 57

zona reticularis

Answer 57

androgens

Question 58

most abundant mineralocorticoids

Answer 58

aldosterone

Question 59

most abundant glucocorticoids

Answer 59

cortisol

Question 60

hormones secreted by ovary

Answer 60

estrogen and progesterone

Question 61

target organ and response of estrogen and progesterone

Answer 61

most tissues and in uterus and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behavior and menstrual cycle

Question 62

hormones secreted by testes

Answer 62

testosteron

Question 63

target organ and response of testes

Answer 63

most tissues aids in cell production, maintenance of functional reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics and sexual behavior

Question 64

produces testosterone

Answer 64

leydig cells

Question 65

hormones secreted by thymus gland; aids in maturation of T-cells

Answer 65

thymosin

Question 66

target organ and response of thymosin

Answer 66

immune tissues promotes immune system development and function

Question 67

b cells mature in

Answer 67

bones

Question 68

hormones produced by pineal body

Answer 68

melatonin

Question 69

target organ and response of melatonin

Answer 69

hypothalamus | inhibits secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, thereby inhibiting reproduction

Question 70

urine production

Answer 70

diuresis

Question 71

follicular cells

Answer 71

t3 and t4

Question 72

parafollicular cells

Answer 72

calcitonin

Question 73

excessive production of GH

Answer 73

giantism

Question 74

low production of GH

Answer 74

dwarfism

Question 75

extended width of bone

Answer 75

acromegaly

Question 76

produces glucagon; few

Answer 76

alpha cells

Question 77

produces insulin; majority

Answer 77

beta cells