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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Endocrine System

A 
water balance
uterine, contraction and milk release
growth, metabolism and tissue maturation
ion regulation
heart rate and blood pressure regulation
blood glucose control
immune system regulation
reproductive functions control
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2
Q

a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body

enters interstitial fluid and then the blooodstream

A

hormone

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3
Q

mediator molecules

A

nervous: neurotransmitter
endocrine: hormone

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4
Q

site of mediator action

A

nervous: close to site
endocrine: far

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5
Q

types of target cells

A

nervous: muscles
endocrine: all body cells

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6
Q

time to onset of action

A

nervous: milliseconds
endocrine: seconds to hours to days

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7
Q

duration of action

A

nervous: brief
endocrine: longer

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8
Q

other name of pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

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9
Q

other name of posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis

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10
Q

does not synthesize hormones but only stores and release 2 hormones

A

posterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

hormones stored by PPG

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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12
Q

target organ and function of ADH

A

kidney

increases water reabsorption

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13
Q

other name of ADH

A

vasopressin

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14
Q

target organ and function ocytocin

A

uterus (muscle layer-myometrium)
mammary glands

increases uterine contraction
increases milk “let down” from mammary glands

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15
Q

oxytocin is used only for a few months and replaced by

A

prolactin

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16
Q

stalk connecting pituitary to hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

other name of anterior pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

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18
Q

composed of epithelial tissues

secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities from growth to reproduction

A

anterior pituitary gland

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19
Q

hormones synthesized by APG

A 
GH
TSH
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
MSH
LH or ICSH
FSH
Prolactin
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20
Q

cells that produce GH

A

somatotrophs

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21
Q

cells that produce TSH

A

thyrotrophs

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22
Q

cells that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

corticotrophs

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23
Q

cells that produce LH and FSH

A

Gonadotrophs

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24
Q

cells that produce Prolactin

A

lactotrophs

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25
Q

target organ and response of GH

A

most tissues

increases protein synthesis, breakdown of lipis and release of fatty acids from cells
increase blood glucose level

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26
Q

target organ and response of TSH

A

thyroid gland

increases thyroid hormone secretion (T3,T4)

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27
Q

target organ and response of Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

adrenal cortex

increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol
increases skin pigmentation at high concentrations

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28
Q

target organ and response of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

melanocytes in skin

increases production of melanocytes to make the skin darker in color

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29
Q

target organ and response of LH

A

ovary
testes

promotes ovulation and progesterone production in ovary

testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testis

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30
Q

target organ and response of FSH

A

follicles in ovary
seminiferous tubules in males

promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovary

sperm cell production in testis

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31
Q

target organ and response of Prolactin

A

ovary and mammary glands

testis

stimulates milk production and prolongs progesterone secretion following ovulation and during pregnancy in women

increases sensitivity to LH in males

32
Q

hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A 
thyroid hormone (thyroxine/triiodotheyronine)
calcitonin
33
Q

target organ and response of thyroid hormone

A

most cells of the body

Increases metabolic rates, essential for normal process growth and maturation

34
Q

target organ and response of calcitonin

A

priamarily bone

decreases rate of bone break down
prevents large increase in blood calcium levels following a meal

35
Q

4 small glands at posterior portion of thyroid glands

A

parathyroid glands

36
Q

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands

A

parathormone

37
Q

other names of parathormone

A

paracalcitonin

parathyroid hormone

38
Q

target organ and response of parathormone

A

bone

increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclast

kidney

increases vitamin D synthesis, essential for maintenance of normal blood calcium levels

39
Q

both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

pancreas

40
Q

endocrine function of pancreas

A

digestive system

41
Q

hormones secreted by pancreas

A

insulin

glucagon

42
Q

target organ and response of insulin

A

liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids

liver

Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the circulatory system

43
Q

cluster of endocrine cells in pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans

44
Q

other name of Adrenal glands

A

suprarenal glands

45
Q

superior to kidneys

A

adrenal glands

46
Q

inner layer; modified extension of nerve fibers from sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

47
Q

outer layer

A

adrenal cortex

48
Q

hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and some norepinephrine

49
Q

target organ and response of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells

increases cardiac output
increases bloodflow to skeletal muscles and heart
increases release of glucose and fatty acids into blood

50
Q

hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
adrenal androgens

51
Q

target organ and response of mineralocorticoids

A

kidney

increases rate of sodium transport into body
increases rate of potassium excretion
secondarily favor water retention
aldosterone (stimulate posterior pituitary gland to release ADH)

52
Q

target organ and response of glucocorticoids

A

most tissues (liver, fat, skeletal muscle, immune tissues)

increase fat (glycolysis) and protein breakdown
increase glucose synthesis from amino acids (gluconeogenesis)
increases blood nutrient levels
inhibit inflammation and immune response

53
Q

target organ and response of adrenal androgens

A

most tissues

insignificant in males
increase female sexual drive, pubic hair, axillary hair growth; converted to estrogen

54
Q

3 parts of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

55
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids

56
Q

zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids

57
Q

zona reticularis

A

androgens

58
Q

most abundant mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

59
Q

most abundant glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

60
Q

hormones secreted by ovary

A

estrogen and progesterone

61
Q

target organ and response of estrogen and progesterone

A

most tissues

and in uterus and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behavior and menstrual cycle

62
Q

hormones secreted by testes

A

testosteron

63
Q

target organ and response of testes

A

most tissues

aids in cell production, maintenance of functional reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics and sexual behavior

64
Q

produces testosterone

A

leydig cells

65
Q

hormones secreted by thymus gland; aids in maturation of T-cells

A

thymosin

66
Q

target organ and response of thymosin

A

immune tissues

promotes immune system development and function

67
Q

b cells mature in

A

bones

68
Q

hormones produced by pineal body

A

melatonin

69
Q

target organ and response of melatonin

A

hypothalamus

inhibits secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, thereby inhibiting reproduction

70
Q

urine production

A

diuresis

71
Q

follicular cells

A

t3 and t4

72
Q

parafollicular cells

A

calcitonin

73
Q

excessive production of GH

A

giantism

74
Q

low production of GH

A

dwarfism

75
Q

extended width of bone

A

acromegaly

76
Q

produces glucagon; few

A

alpha cells

77
Q

produces insulin; majority

A

beta cells

Anatomy (19 decks)

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