Endocrine System Flashcards
Functions of Endocrine System
water balance uterine, contraction and milk release growth, metabolism and tissue maturation ion regulation heart rate and blood pressure regulation blood glucose control immune system regulation reproductive functions control
a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body
enters interstitial fluid and then the blooodstream
hormone
mediator molecules
nervous: neurotransmitter
endocrine: hormone
site of mediator action
nervous: close to site
endocrine: far
types of target cells
nervous: muscles
endocrine: all body cells
time to onset of action
nervous: milliseconds
endocrine: seconds to hours to days
duration of action
nervous: brief
endocrine: longer
other name of pituitary gland
hypophysis
other name of posterior pituitary gland
neurohypophysis
does not synthesize hormones but only stores and release 2 hormones
posterior pituitary gland
hormones stored by PPG
ADH
Oxytocin
target organ and function of ADH
kidney
increases water reabsorption
other name of ADH
vasopressin
target organ and function ocytocin
uterus (muscle layer-myometrium)
mammary glands
increases uterine contraction
increases milk “let down” from mammary glands
oxytocin is used only for a few months and replaced by
prolactin
stalk connecting pituitary to hypothalamus
infundibulum
other name of anterior pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
composed of epithelial tissues
secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities from growth to reproduction
anterior pituitary gland
hormones synthesized by APG
GH TSH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone MSH LH or ICSH FSH Prolactin
cells that produce GH
somatotrophs
cells that produce TSH
thyrotrophs
cells that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone
corticotrophs
cells that produce LH and FSH
Gonadotrophs
cells that produce Prolactin
lactotrophs
target organ and response of GH
most tissues
increases protein synthesis, breakdown of lipis and release of fatty acids from cells
increase blood glucose level
target organ and response of TSH
thyroid gland
increases thyroid hormone secretion (T3,T4)
target organ and response of Adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenal cortex
increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol
increases skin pigmentation at high concentrations
target organ and response of melanocyte-stimulating hormone
melanocytes in skin
increases production of melanocytes to make the skin darker in color
target organ and response of LH
ovary
testes
promotes ovulation and progesterone production in ovary
testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testis
target organ and response of FSH
follicles in ovary
seminiferous tubules in males
promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovary
sperm cell production in testis
target organ and response of Prolactin
ovary and mammary glands
testis
stimulates milk production and prolongs progesterone secretion following ovulation and during pregnancy in women
increases sensitivity to LH in males
hormones secreted by thyroid gland
thyroid hormone (thyroxine/triiodotheyronine) calcitonin
target organ and response of thyroid hormone
most cells of the body
Increases metabolic rates, essential for normal process growth and maturation
target organ and response of calcitonin
priamarily bone
decreases rate of bone break down
prevents large increase in blood calcium levels following a meal
4 small glands at posterior portion of thyroid glands
parathyroid glands
hormone secreted by parathyroid glands
parathormone
other names of parathormone
paracalcitonin
parathyroid hormone
target organ and response of parathormone
bone
increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclast
kidney
increases vitamin D synthesis, essential for maintenance of normal blood calcium levels
both endocrine and exocrine functions
pancreas
endocrine function of pancreas
digestive system
hormones secreted by pancreas
insulin
glucagon
target organ and response of insulin
liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
liver
Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the circulatory system
cluster of endocrine cells in pancreas
Islets of langerhans
other name of Adrenal glands
suprarenal glands
superior to kidneys
adrenal glands
inner layer; modified extension of nerve fibers from sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
outer layer
adrenal cortex
hormones secreted by adrenal medulla
epinephrine and some norepinephrine
target organ and response of epinephrine and norepinephrine
heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
increases cardiac output
increases bloodflow to skeletal muscles and heart
increases release of glucose and fatty acids into blood
hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
adrenal androgens
target organ and response of mineralocorticoids
kidney
increases rate of sodium transport into body
increases rate of potassium excretion
secondarily favor water retention
aldosterone (stimulate posterior pituitary gland to release ADH)
target organ and response of glucocorticoids
most tissues (liver, fat, skeletal muscle, immune tissues)
increase fat (glycolysis) and protein breakdown
increase glucose synthesis from amino acids (gluconeogenesis)
increases blood nutrient levels
inhibit inflammation and immune response
target organ and response of adrenal androgens
most tissues
insignificant in males
increase female sexual drive, pubic hair, axillary hair growth; converted to estrogen
3 parts of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids
zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids
zona reticularis
androgens
most abundant mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
most abundant glucocorticoids
cortisol
hormones secreted by ovary
estrogen and progesterone
target organ and response of estrogen and progesterone
most tissues
and in uterus and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behavior and menstrual cycle
hormones secreted by testes
testosteron
target organ and response of testes
most tissues
aids in cell production, maintenance of functional reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics and sexual behavior
produces testosterone
leydig cells
hormones secreted by thymus gland; aids in maturation of T-cells
thymosin
target organ and response of thymosin
immune tissues
promotes immune system development and function
b cells mature in
bones
hormones produced by pineal body
melatonin
target organ and response of melatonin
hypothalamus
inhibits secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, thereby inhibiting reproduction
urine production
diuresis
follicular cells
t3 and t4
parafollicular cells
calcitonin
excessive production of GH
giantism
low production of GH
dwarfism
extended width of bone
acromegaly
produces glucagon; few
alpha cells
produces insulin; majority
beta cells
