Cell Flashcards
A double stranded copy of a single stranded RNA molecule
DNA
A two layered membrane surrounding the chromosomes of a cell. The membrane has pores and its outer layer is continuous with the ER of the cell
Nuclear membrane/nuclear envelope
A spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell, made of DNA, RNA and protein
Synthesis of rRNA
Nucleoli
For building if ribosomes
Nucleoli
Loose network of bumpy threads that is scattered throughout the nucleus that is made of DNA and protein
Chromatin
Permeability of cell membrane
Semi-permeable
Its structure consists of two lipid layers arranged “tail to tail” in which protein molecules float
Plasma membrane
Permit lipid soluble materials to enter of leave cell by diffusion through cell membrane
Phospholipids
Provides greater stability to the membrane
Cholesterol
Scattered in the lipid bilayer and responsible for most of the specialized functions of the membrane
Proteins
Fluid inside the cell or cytoplasm
Cytosol/ intracellular fluid
Fluid outside cell
Extracellular fluid/ interstitial fluid
Permits passage of small water soluble materials
Pores
Help substances enter the cell
Enzymes or carriers
Binding sites for hormones or other chemical messengers
Receptor sites
Dentify cells of individuals as “self”
Antigens
Branching sugars attached to most proteins abutting the extracellular space making the cell surface fuzzy,sticky,sugar rich area
Glycoproteins
A semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements
Cytosol
Composition of cells
CHON
are not functioning units, but instead are chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type
Inclusions
are the metabolic machinery of the cell
organelles
organelles where proteins are produced
ribosomes
a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm
ER
consist of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane sacs
Golgi apparatus
functions of golgi apparatus
collects, modifies, packages, distributes CHON and lipids
are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus
intracellular digestive system
Lysosome
are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and H2o2
Perixosome
function of lysosome
digest any worn out or damaged cell/organelle
are small, bean-shaped organelles which are the major sites of ATP production within cells
aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
consist of proteins that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape
Cytoskeleton
determines the overall shape of a cell
microtubules
strong, stable rope like
intermediate filaments
cell motility, producing changes in cell shape
microfilaments
small, cylindrical organelle composed of nine triplets, each consisting of 3 parallel microtubules joined together
centrioles
mobile threadlike projections (sweeps materials across cell surface (respiratory system) )
cilia
for motility or movement of sperm cell; tail
flagellum
lipid synthesis; detoxification of chemicals and drugs
sER
hydrophilic
polar heads
hydrophobic
polar tails
cells that are meter in length
nuerons
permeability of phospholipid
permeable
how does water pass through?
through protein
bones and muscles of the cell
cytoskeleton
formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
substances are transported across the membrane without any energy (ATP) input from the cell
Passive transport
Membrane Transport mechanisms
Passive Transport
Active transport
movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
diffusion
the tendency of the solutes, such as ions or molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that solute in solution
simple diffusion
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration
osmosis
a carrier-mediated (protein channels) transport process that moves substances into and out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient (uses ATP)
Active Transport
the movement of substances from lower concentrated area to higher concentrated area by protein carriers that uses ATP
Solute Pumping
Examples of Solute pumping
Sodium-Potassium Pump, amino acids
substances that cannot get though the plasma membrane in any other way are transported with the help of ATP
Bulk Transport
Two types of Bulk transport
Exocytostis
Endocytosis
moves substances out of the cell
Exocytosis
includes ATP requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extra cellular substances by enclosing thm in a small membranous vesicle
Endocytosis
examples of endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
cell-eating
phagocytosis
cell-drinking
pinocytosis
produces 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell; each of these cells will have 46 chromosomes
it has no resting phase
mitosis
time between cell divisions
DNA is found as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus
DNA replication occurs
Interphase
part of immune cells; monocytes
macrophages
3 phases in interphase
G1, S, G2
8-10 hrs
G1
8 hrs
S
4-6 hrs
G2
