Anatomy Lab Endterm Flashcards
1
Q
major function of cardiovascular system
A
transportation
2
Q
structure that surrounds heart anteriorly
A
sternum and ribs from second intercostal space to fifth intercostal space
3
Q
structure that surrounds heart posteriorly
A
thoracic vertebrae from fifth to eighth vertebrae
4
Q
structure that surrounds heart laterally
A
lungs (right and left)
5
Q
structure that surrounds heart superiorly
A
bounded by second rib
6
Q
structure that surrounds heart inferiorly
A
diaphragm
7
Q
inner lining of heart
A
endocardium
8
Q
muscle; helps in contraction of heart
A
myocardium
9
Q
outer surface of heart
A
epicardium
10
Q
hollow part of heart where blood enters
A
chambers
11
Q
oxygenated blood vessel
A
arteries
12
Q
deoxygenated blood vessel
A
veins
13
Q
oxygenated heart blood vessel
A
pulmonary veins
14
Q
deoxygenated heart blood vessel
A
pulmonary artery
15
Q
contraction of ventricles
A
systole
16
Q
relaxation of ventricles
A
diastole
17
Q
feed heart with oxygenated blood
A
coronary arteries
18
Q
thicker myocardium
A
left ventricle
19
Q
instrument for measuring blood pressure
A
sphygmomanometer
20
Q
pattern of electrical impulses that are generated by the heart
A
EKG or Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiography or ECG
21
Q
record of the movement of electrical activity through the upper heart chambers when they contract
A
P wave
22
Q
record of electrical impulses through the lower heart chamber (ventricles when they contract)
A
QRS Complex
23
Q
a straight level line between the QRS Complex and T wave elevated or lowered ST segment may mean the heart muscle is damaged or not receiving enough blood
A
ST segment
24
Q
corresponds to the period when the lower heart chambers are relaxing and preparing for the next muscle contraction
A
T Wave
25
Electrical Conduction System of Heart
```
SA node
AV node
Bundle of HIs
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
```
26
natural pacemaker of heart
SA Node
27
delays the ventricular contraction
AV node
28
sound after systole before diastole
Korotkoff sound
29
sound produced by the closure of AV valves
louder and longer
lower pitch
lub
30
produced by the closure of the SA valves
short and sharp
higher pitch
dub
31
gives the cardiac cycle its systematic nature of contraction
Electrical conduction system
32
alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each beat of the left ventricle
pulse
33
normal pulse rate
70-76 beats per minute
| 60-80 beats per minute
34
pulse rate equals
heart rate
35
Superficial pulse points
```
Common Carotid
Temporal Artery
Facial Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
```
36
pressure the blood exerts against the inner blood vessel wall
blood pressure
37
blood vessel where blood pressure is highest
arteries
38
unit of blood pressure
mmHg
39
numerator
systolic BP
40
denominator
diastolic BP
41
Factors Affecting BP
blood volume
strength of heart contraction
blood viscosity/ peripheral resistance
cardiac rate
42
higher blood volume
higher BP
43
the stronger each contraction is
the more blood it pumps into arteries
44
the lower viscosity
the lower BP
45
high BP
causes damage to blood vessels
46
low BP
cease in blood flow
47
Artery
```
no valves
has higher influence in BP
thicker walls
delivers blood away from heart
carries oxygenated blood
transports blood with high pressure
narrow lumen
```
48
Vein
```
presence of valves
thinner walls
delivers blood to heart
carries unoxygenated blood
absence of pulse
wider lumen
```
49
smallest structural units of the Respiratory System
| site of actual gas exchange
alveoli
50
organ of olfaction
nose
51
common pathway of air and food
pharynx
52
connects the pharynx with the trachea
larynx
53
windpipe
trachea
54
terminal potion of the trachea that divides into left and right airways
bronchi
55
smaller airways or branches
bronchioles
56
respiratory centers
pons
| medulla oblongata
57
serous membrane surrounding the lungs
pleura
58
Adam's apple
thyroid cartilage
59
inflammation of the bronchi accompanied by mucus production and impaired breathing
bronchitis
60
destruction of the walls of the alveoli
emphysema
61
Replacement of lung tissue with fibrous connective tissue and caused by excessive exposure to asbestos, silica or coal dust
pulmonary fibrosis
62
common in premature infants associated with inadequate amount of surfactant and the lungs tend to collapse
respiratory distress syndrom
63
any infection of the lungs
pneumonia
64
bacterial respiratory infection characterized by severe coughing and clear tenacious mucus
whooping cough
65
shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and viscous mucus
asthma
66
progressive disorder characterized by obstruction of air flow resulting in decreased inspiration and expiration capabilities of the lungs
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
67
bacterial respiratory infection characterized by formation of small lumplike lesions called tubercles in the lungs
tuberculosis
68
presence of blood in pleura
hemothorax
69
Secretions of salivary glands
salivary amylase
salivary lipase
no secretions for protein
70
salivary amylase
digest starch to maltose
71
salivary lipase
breakdown of fats to glycerol and fatty acids
72
secretions of stomach
none for carbs
none for fats
pepsin
73
pepsin
controls acidity of stomach
74
secretions of liver
none for carbs
bile
non for protein
75
secretions of pancreas
pancreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase
trypsin
76
secretions of small intestine
disaccharidases
lipase
peptidase
77
products of digestion
```
water
monosaccharides
amino acids
positive ions
fatty acids
vitamin b 12
calcium ions
vitamin ADEK
negative ions
Vitamin C
```
78
water
osmosis
79
monosaccharides
co-transport
80
amino acids
active transport
81
positive ions
active transport
82
fatty acids
simple diffusion
83
vitamin b12
water soluble
84
calcium ions
active transport with aid of Vitamin D
85
Vitamin ADEK
fat soluble
86
negative ions
positive transport
87
vitamin C
water soluble
88
storage of urin
urinary bladder
89
duct where urine passes through from kidney to bladder
ureter
90
passageway of urine between bladder to external part of body
urethra
91
bean-shaped organ; excretory organ, purifies blood and removes waste
kidney
92
outer portion of kidney between renal capsule and renal medulla
renal cortex
93
collects urine from minor calyx
major calyx
94
larger funnel formed by union of calyxes
renal pelvis
95
collects urine from one of the renal papilla
manior calyx
96
carries urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
ureter
97
expansion of closed end of renal tubule
bowman's capsule/glomerular capsule
98
cluster or network of capillaries around the end of kidney tubule
glomerulus
99
any of the long winding tubule of the kidney in which urine is formed
urinary tubules
100
used to evaluate physical characteristics of urine
detects presence of protein, glucose, ketone bodies and produce of incomplete fat metabolism, sediments, cast, crystals
urinalysis
101
purposes of urinalysis
detect metabolic disease unrelated to renal disease
| to detect substance used
102
normal color of urine
yellow
103
odor of urine
pungent or aromatic
104
range of pH
4.5-8
105
normal pH
7
106
too much or too low pH
kidney stone
107
pH more than normal/ basic urine
UTI
| Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
108
pH less than normal/ acidic urine
Ketonuria
Renal tuberculosis
Diarrhea
Dehydration
109
presence of protein in urine
proteinuria
110
diseases associated with proteinuria
DM (odor - fruity)
hypertension
hepatitis
111
presence of sugar in urine
glycosuria
112
disease associated with glycosuria
DM
113
presence of bilirubin in urine
problem in liver
114
presence of blood cells in urine
hematuria
115
disease associated with hematuria
bleeding in GUT (Genito urinary tract)
116
presence of cast in urine
renal disease
117
presence of crystals (calcium oxylate) in urine
hypercalcemia
118
specific gravity of urine
1.002 - 1.035
119
if specific gravity of urine is more than 1.035
hydration
120
if specific gravity of urine is less than 1.002
dehydration
121
main responsibility of male reproductive system
production of spermatozoa
| production of male sex hormones
122
process of transferring sperm during sexual intercourse
in-vitro fertilization
123
primary hormones involved in the functioning of the male reproductive system
FSH
LH
testosterone
124
FSH and LH are produced in
pituitary gland
125
necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis)
FSH
126
stimulates production of testosterone which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis
LH
127
important in development of male characteristics including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive
testosterone
128
2 divisions of male reproductive system
primary sex organs
| secondary sex organs
129
known as the gonads; commonly known as testes
primary sex organs
130
responsible for production of spermatozoa
| production and secretion of male sex hormones
testes
131
hormones that lead to production of secondary sex organs
androgens
132
carry and transport the spermatozoa
secondary male sex organs
133
male organ for sexual intercourse
penis
134
3 parts of penis
root
body or shaft
glum
135
attaches to wall of abdomen
root
136
cone-shaped end of the penis
glum
137
head of penis
glans penis
138
glans is covered with a loose layer of skin
foreskin
139
opening of urethra
tip of glans penis
140
tube that transports semen and urine
urethra
141
loose pouch-like sac of the skin that hangs behind the penis
contains testicles/testes as well as many nerves and blood vessels
scrotum
142
function of scrotum
protective function
| climate control system
143
for normal sperm development, temperature of testes must be
slightly cooler than body
144
testicles move closer to body
warm
145
testicles move farther away from body
cool temperature
146
transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
vas deferens
147
formed by fusion of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles
empty into urethra
ejaculatory ducts
148
sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder
seminal vesicles
149
function of seminal vesicles
produce a sugar-rich fluid that provides sperm with a source of energy
helps sperms' motility
150
primary sex organs of the female reproductive system
small rounded organs suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments
ovaries
151
attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament
ovarian mesentery/mesovarium
152
support the ovaries
suspensory ligaments
| ovarian ligaments
153
narrow tube with a ciliated lining
conducts a mature ovum from the area of the ovary toward the uterus
usual site of fertilization
uterine tube/fallopian tube/ oviduct
154
surround fallopian tube's margin at its ovarian end
fimbriae
155
signle muscular sac at the midline in the pelvic cavity
uterus
156
larger,rounded portion in which is located the main part of the uterine cavity
body of the uterus
157
narrow, inferior portion of the uterus
cervix
158
the portion of the peritoneum that forms the outer uterine wall
serous layer of the uterus
159
the muscular middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
160
inner layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
161
muscular canal that receives the male penis during sexual intercourse
functions as birth canal during delivery
exit of sloughed-off endometrium during menstruation
vagina
162
thin membrane that covers partially or entirely the opening of vagina
hymen
163
external genitals of female
vulva or pudendum
164
central space of vulva, into which the vagina and urethra open
vestibule
165
female glans, a small erectile structure in the anterior corner of the anterior corner of the vestibule
clitoris
166
a pair of thin, longitudinal folds, one on each side of the vestibule
labia minora
167
a pair of thick, longitudinal folds lateral to the labia minora
labia majora
168
fatty mound, covered with hair, over the pubic bone
mons pubis
