Respiratory system

Question 1

Define tidal volume

Answer 1

volume of air breathed in and out per breath (500ml per breath)

Question 2

Define inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 2

volume of air that can be forcibly breathed in after a normal breath

Question 3

Define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 3

volume of air that can forcibly be breathed out after a normal breath

Question 4

Define residual reserve volume

Answer 4

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 5

What happens to the tidal volume during exercise?

Answer 5

increases

Question 6

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?

Answer 6

decreases

Question 7

What happens to expiratory reserve volume during exercise?

Answer 7

slightly decreases

Question 8

What happens to residual volume during exercise?

Answer 8

stays the same

Question 9

What happens to minute ventilation during exercise?

Answer 9

increases immensely

Question 10

Define minute ventilation

Answer 10

how much air that is inhaled and exhaled from the lungs per minute.

Question 11

What is the equation for minute ventilation?

Answer 11

number of breaths (per min) x tidal volume

Question 12

Define diffusion

Answer 12

the random net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration, to a region of lower concentration, until equilibrium is achieved

Question 13

Define gaseous exchange

Answer 13

the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air; an exchange of 2 gases

Question 14

Recite the pathway of air

Answer 14

Nostril + mouth 
Nasal/oral cavity + paranasal sinuses
Pharynx 
Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli

Question 15

What muscles are involved in inspiration at rest?

Answer 15

external intercostal muscles

diaphragm

Question 16

What muscles are involved in expiration at rest?

Answer 16

relaxation of:
external intercostal muscles
diaphragm

Question 17

What muscles are involved in inspiration during exercise?

Answer 17

external intercostal muscles 
diaphragm
sternocleidomastoid 
scalenes 
pectoralis minor

Question 18

What muscles are involved in expiration during exercise?

Answer 18

internal intercostal muscles

abdominals

Question 19

List the special features of the respiratory system that aid gaseous exchange

Answer 19

alveoli:
- wall is one epithelial cell thick (short diffusion
pathway)
- walls are moist
- have a large surface area (lange in number and
round)
capillaries:
- good blood supply, constant movement (maintains steep concentration gradient)
- walls are 1 epithelial cell thick (short diffusion
pathway)
- completely surrounds all alveoli (lots of opportunity for diffusion)
- lots of them
red blood cells:
- diameter is almost the same as the lumen; closer to alveoli (short diffusion pathway)