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ACVIM Reading List > Respiratory Literature > Flashcards

Respiratory Literature Flashcards

1
Q

How is primary ciliary dyskinesia inherited?

A

Recessive = inherited disease

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2
Q

What gene has worldwide distribution in Old English Sheep dogs that results in primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

CCDC39

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3
Q

What did the 6 min walk test show in dogs?

A

Dogs with mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension (n=6) compared to healthy dogs (n=69) walked a shorter distance (about 384m compared to 522m)
Conclusion: Can be used to discriminate healthy dogs from dogs with pulmonary disease.

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4
Q

What were the most common isolates from BALs of dogs with spontaneous respiratory disease?

A

Most common isolate was Mycoplasma spp. followed by Pasteurella sp., Bordetella sp, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes

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5
Q

Based on BALs of dogs with spontaneous respiratory disease how many had single bacterial spp vs multiple spp?

A

Single: 44%
Multiple: 56%

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6
Q

Based on BALs of dogs with spontaneous respiratory disease, 105 dogs with positive cultures, how many had cytologies that agreed?

A

Only 74% had cytologic evidence of septic suppurative inflammation

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7
Q

Based on BALs of dogs with spontaneous respiratory disease, if they lacked cytologic evidence of sepsis what was reported and which spp were seen?

A

27 dogs that lacked cytologic evidence of sepsis, mixed (n=18) and neutrophilic (n=9) inflammation was reported, and Mycoplasma spp. (13/27) or Bordetella spp. (7/27) were most commonly isolated

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8
Q

Why is confirmation of lower respiratory tract infection in dogs challenging?

A

Organisms can be isolated from dogs which bacteria are NOT detected on cytology

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9
Q

What can be concluded from multisegment BALs in cats?

A

Total and differential cell counts on BAL fluid often differed btwn lung segments in cats with lower respiratory disease
Caution with single BAL cytology to define the inflammatory response in cats with spontaneous lower respiratory dz*

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10
Q

How much did cell counts differ in multisegment BALs in cats?

A

28/87 cases (32%), cell counts differed between lavage sites by 2.2-40 fold.
BAL yielded similar cytologic interpretation of inflammation in 45/87 (52%) cases
8/14 cases BAL performed at focal infiltrate + site of diffuse infiltrates = same inflammatory interpretation was made at each site

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11
Q

How did suction pump aspiration compared to manual aspiration in retrieval of BAL fluid in dogs with respiratory disease?

A

percentage of retrieved BALF (P = .001) was significantly higher for SPA than MA. Substantial agreement was found between cytologic classification of BALF obtained with MA and SPA (kappa = 0.615). There was no significant difference in rate of definitive diagnosis achieved with cytologic assessment between techniques (P = .78)
Suction pump aspiration, compared to MA, improved BALF retrieval, but did not significantly affect the rate of diagnostic success of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in dogs with pulmonary disease.

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12
Q

Does aspiration technique for retrieval of BAL fluid affect sample quality in healthy dogs?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What can be said about bronchoscopic findings in cats with spontaneous lower airway disease?

A

Endobronchial abnormalities were common in cats with feline bronchitis/asthma, pneumonia, and neoplasia and no differentiating features were found.
Excessive mucus accumulation was common (83%), followed by stenosis of bronchial openings and nodular epithelial irregularities (56%), airway hyperemia (54%), airway collapse (48%), and bronchiectasis (27%).

Total bronchoscopic score and total cell count did not differ among groups, although differential cell counts were significantly different

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14
Q

What weak correlation was noted in bronchoscopic findings (score) in cats with spontaneous lower airway disease?

A

weak correlation (R² = 0.16, P= .006) between age and total bronchoscopic score was noted

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15
Q

What do bronchoscopic findings in cats with spontaneous lower airway disease provide?

A

Bronchoscopic abnormalities are common in cats with lower respiratory tract disease, and visualization of the airways provides additional nonspecific clinical information in cats.

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16
Q

How successful was bronchoscopy for removal of FBs?

A

Bronchoscopy was successful for removal of airway foreign bodies in 76% of animals (24/28 dogs and 2/5 cats)
Bronchoscopy was successful in removing airway foreign bodies regardless of animal size or long duration of clinical signs

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17
Q

Was bronchoscopic FB removal success related to duration of CS or body size?

A

Dogs was independent of duration of clinical signs or body size
Not noted in cats (only 2/5 cats had the FBs removed)

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18
Q

How helpful were thoracic radiographs for localizing FBs prior to bronchoscopy?

A

radiography was unable to predict the affected site.

One-third of thoracic radiographs lacked distinctive features of an airway foreign body

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19
Q

What was noted in the BAL fluid from site of FBs?

A

BAL fluid at the site of the foreign body contained more neutrophils and more often had intracellular bacteria than lavage fluid from a separate site
Alternative site had more marcophages (appeared more normal)

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20
Q

What is unique about the Upper Airway Obstruction in this breed?

A

Redundant supra-arytenoid folds
Laryngeal collapse, everted laryngeal saccules, and a narrowed laryngeal opening
These abnormalities can be seen without CS on exam or at home

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21
Q

T/F: Intranasal vaccination can stimulate nonspecific immunity against agents not contained within the vaccine.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

What is true regarding giving an intranasal MLV against FHV-1 and FCV in kittens intranasally inoculated with B. bronchiseptica?

A

First 10 days after B. bronchiseptica challenge, vaccinated cats were less likely to be clinically ill than control cats
Suggesting: Intranasal vaccination against FHV-1 and FCV decreased signs of illness due to an infectious agent not contained in the vaccine. This nonspecific immunity could be beneficial for protection against organisms for which vaccines are not available and as protection before development of vaccine-induced humoral immunity

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23
Q

What are the 2 different types of bronchial collapse in dogs?

A

Static and dynamic collapse

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24
Q

What was associated with static and dynamic bronchial collapse in dogs?

A

Association between SBC and DBC was more frequently seen in the dogs with
higher body weight
Pulmonary hypertension
Bronchial type of radiographic pattern
Nodularity at endoscopic examination
NOTE: 31/39 dogs had tracheal collapse + bronchial collapse

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25
Q

What associated was noted btwn tracheal collapse + bronchial collapse in dogs?

A

Living indoors

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26
Q

Endoscopic score in dogs wth bronchial collapse showed a correlation with what?

A

Dynamic bronchial collapse and cough duration

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27
Q

What is true regarding left atrial enlargement in MVD dogs in regards to bronchomalacia?

A

Bronchomalacia is NOT associated with left atrial enlargement in dogs with MVD (however, airway inflammation was found in dogs with bronchomalacia)

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28
Q

What is an accurate, quick, noninvasive, and safe diagnostic that can contribute to diagnosis of tracheal collapse in dogs?

A

Tidal breathing flow-volume loops
Able to note 2 types (normal dogs and tracheal collapse dogs)

TC could also be graded as mild-moderate (grades I and II) or severe (grade III), showing a diagnostic value of 97.4%

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29
Q

What 3 indices were noted to differentiate healthy dogs from tracheal collapse dogs in Tidal breathing flow-volume loops?

A

TE/TI (expiratory time divided by inspiratory time), TI/TTOT (inspiratory time divided by total respiratory time), and EF75/IF75 (expiratory flow at end tidal volume plus 75% end tidal volume divided by inspiratory flow at end tidal volume plus 75% end tidal volume)

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30
Q

In an observational study in dogs with respiratory disease, how many had Tracheobronchomalacia?

A

about 50% note in this population

tracheal collapse in 21% and bronchomalacia in 47%

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31
Q

In an observational study in dogs with respiratory disease, where was bronchomalacia noted the most on bronchoscopy?

A

bronchomalacia, collapse of the right middle (59%) and left cranial (52%) lung lobes was identified most commonly

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32
Q

In an observational study in dogs with respiratory disease and bronchomalacia what parameters were significantly associated?

A

Dogs with bronchomalacia were significantly more likely to display normal airway cytology and to have mitral regurgitation and cardiomegaly than dogs without airway collapse

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33
Q

How helpful are radiographs for bronchomalacia?

A

Radiographs were insensitive for detection of airway collapse
Bronchoscopy is required

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34
Q

What is C-reactive protein?

A

major acute-phase protein in dogs.

Serum concentrations are low in healthy animals, but increase rapidly after inflammatory stimuli

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35
Q

Why does C-reactive protein have the potential to be used as a biomarked of infectious respiratory disease?

A

○ Dogs with bacterial pneumonia had significantly higher CRP concentrations (median, 121 mg/L; interquartile range, 68-178 mg/L) than dogs with bacterial tracheobronchitis (23, 15-38), chronic bronchitis (13, 8-14), eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (5, 5-15), canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (17, 10-20), or cardiogenic pulmonary edema (19, 13-32) and healthy controls (14, 8-20)
○ Dogs with bacterial tracheobronchitis had significantly higher CRP concentrations than dogs with chronic bronchitis or eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy and healthy controls

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36
Q

Based on a demographic study (hawkins) in coughing dogs, what were the factors that associations with coughing were noted?

A

Demographic risk factors included older age, smaller body weight, and being toy breed

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37
Q

Based on a demographic study (hawkins) in coughing dogs, was an association btwn month and season noted?

A

NO!

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38
Q

Based on a demographic study (hawkins) in coughing dogs, was exposure to tobacco smoke a risk factor?

A

NO!

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39
Q

Based on a demographic study (hawkins) in coughing dogs, what was frequently observed in dogs with chronic cough?

A

Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) was diagnosed in 59 dogs (51%)

NOTE: descriptions of cough should be used cautiously in prioritizing differential diagnoses

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40
Q

What disease has the 6 minute mile test been used in?

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Westies

Affected dogs walked shorter distances (398m) than controls (492m)

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41
Q

What is the median survival of Westies with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

About 32 months pasted onset of CS, Risk of death was higher in affected dogs when using age adjusted controls

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42
Q

What prognostic factors were identified in Westies with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

NONE

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43
Q

In humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis what is central to pathogenesis?

A

Humans: transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is considered central in the pathogenesis

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44
Q

What pathway appears to be enhanced in idioapthic pulmonary fibrosis in dogs?

A

TGF-β1 signaling activity = high level of TGF-β1 protein was found in areas of fibrosis
TGF-β1 storage and activation proteins with altered expression represent potential therapeutic targets.

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45
Q

Explain what was seen in normal Westies, Scotties, and Bichons with TGF-β1 serum levels.

A

TGF-β1 serum levels used to see if high (maybe related to susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)

Higher circulating TGF-β1 concentration in predisposed breeds might partly explain their susceptibility for IPF compared to other healthy controls

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46
Q

What can be used to differentiate dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from dogs with chronic bronchitis or eosinophilic bronchopneumonpathy?

A

Endothelin-1 (serum and BAL fluid)

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47
Q

What is the cut off for serum endothelin-1 for detection of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

○ Serum cut-off serum: 1.8 pg/mL for detection of IPF
§ Sensitivity 100%

Specificity of 81.2%

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48
Q

What two factors were noted to be significant on ABG from dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Substantial hypoxemia (PaO2 65) with AA gradients higher (50) compared to controls

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49
Q

What is a consistent findings on CT of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Ground glass opacity in the lungs (seen in ALL dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)

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50
Q

Discuss the bronchoscopy and BAL results in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Concurrent airway changes were noted

Increased in total cell counts compared to control in BAL fluid (more MPs, neutrophils, MCs)

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51
Q

What are the histopath changes seen with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Multifocal or diffuse interstitial fibrosis, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, prominent intraalveolar macrophages, distortion of alveolar architecture, and emphysematous change

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52
Q

What functional parameters can be used from pseudo-tidal breathing flow-volume loop in cats with lower airway disease to monitoring therapeutic response?

A

Functional parameters including PEF/EF50 and PEF/EF25 can be used for monitoring therapeutic response to steroids (expiratory flow)

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53
Q

Discuss conventional barometric whole body plethysmography (BWBP) parameters (eg, enhanced pause) in cats with lower airway disease?

A

Conventional BWBP parameters were not significantly different before and after treatment.

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54
Q

What affects airflow limitation during mid- to late expiration in cats with lower airway disease?

A

Overall extent of granulocyte infiltration

BUT not correlated with eosinophil or neutrophil %

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55
Q

What has been found in BAL fluid in cats with induced asthma to be elevated compared to nromal cats?

A

Endothelin-1

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56
Q

What is a model of experimentally induced asthma in cats?

A

Bermuda grass allergen

57
Q

What two diseases are associated with chronic Mg depletion?

A

Hypertension

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

58
Q

What is the parenteral Mg tolerance test?

A

Parenteral Mg tolerance testing - Used to determine whole Body Mg defs
• Placement of urinary catheter
• Fasting overnight and obtaining baseline urine Mg: Crt ratio
• Then administering Mg IV and collecting urine for 24 hours and measuring Mg: Crt ratio
• Used to Determine the % of Mg retention by the patient
○ 20% retention: NOT supportive of whole body Mg def
○ 20-50% retention: Suggestive of whole body Mg def
○ >50% retention: Diagnostic for whole body Mg def

59
Q

What can be used to detect chronic subclinical Mg deficiency?

A

iMg: tMg ratio and parenteral Mg tolerance test

60
Q

What 3 factors are brachycephalic dogs prone to compared to meso- or dolicocephalic dogs?

A

Lower PaO2, higher PaCO2, and hypertension

Age may be a contributing factor

61
Q

What should be used to measure active disease at diagnosis, during treatment, and suspicion of relapse in dogs with Blastomycosis?

A

Urine Blastomyces antigen test should be used over the serum antigen test

Urine Blastomyces antigen testing has high sensitivity for active disease at the time of diagnosis and during treatment, and moderate sensitivity but high specificity for clinical relapse

62
Q

What is the efficacy of using fluconazole to treat dogs with systemic blastomycosis?

A

Fluconazole is associated with survival to clinical remission in 75% of dogs with blastomycosis
Dogs were treated longer than with itraconazole (BUT it was way cheaper, $1200 compared to $3700)

63
Q

Was a difference in hepatotoxity (based on ALT elevation) noted in dogs treatment with fluconazole vs itraconoazole for systemic blastomycosis?

A

Similar incidence in elevation in ALT in dogs treatment with fluconazole or itraconazole

64
Q

What is canine influenza virus (H3N8) shedding associated with?

A

Region, month, year

Comingling/Cohousing

65
Q

What test is used to check for antibodies for CIV (H3N8)?

A

Hemagglutination inhibition

66
Q

What was the prevalence of CIV H3N8 at a flyball competition?

A

LOW prevalence
Unvaccinated dogs 0% prevalence
20% seroprevalence in dogs that were vaccinated

67
Q

What factor has been noted to be associated with dogs with CIV seropositivity?

A

Visits to doggie day care or boarding

68
Q

What is considered a positive galactomannan antigen assay?

A

Galactomannan indices (GMI)≥0.5

69
Q

What is a noninvasive, sensitive, and specific test for the diagnosis of disseminated aspergillosis in dogs?

A

Serum and urine Aspergillus GMA ELISA

cutoff GMI of ≥1.5 is used

70
Q

When were false negatives seen with the aspergillosis galactomannan antigen assay?

A

In dogs with localized pulmonary aspergillosis

71
Q

When were false positives seen with the aspergillosis galactomannan antigen assay?

A

Dogs with other systemic mycoses

Dogs given Plasmalyte

72
Q

What is the sen/spec for aspergillosis galactomannan antigen assay in urine and serum in dogs?

A

Urine: Sen 88, Spec 92%
Serum: Sen 92%, Spec 86%

73
Q

Which fungus has a predilection for CNS?

A

Cryptococcus

74
Q

What is a negative prognostic factor in animals with CNS Cryptococcus?

A

Altered mentation

75
Q

What PE finding has a strong association with pleural disease in dogs/cats?

A

Paradoxical breathing in dyspneic patients

76
Q

What were the most common causes of dyspnea in young dogs?

A

Breed associated upper resp tract obstruction or pleural space dz after trauma

77
Q

What were the most common causes of dyspnea in older dogs?

A

Progressive lower resp tract dz

Acquired cardiac dz

78
Q

In dogs that presented in dyspnea, what was associated with a poor prognosis?

A

Nontraumatic acute onset dyspnea

79
Q

What factor may contribute or exacerbate dysneia in dogs?

A

Obesity

80
Q

What should be considered with a positive Mycoplasma PCR from BAL fluid when oral contamination is noted in cytology?

A

BALF samples with cytologic evidence of oral bacterial contamination were 5.1 times as likely to have positive Mycoplasma-specific PCR assay results as were noncontaminated samples

81
Q

When testing for Mycoplasma in BAL fluid, which 3 groups were less likely to have a positive result?

A

chronic bronchitis, herding, or hound dogs

82
Q

Which antibiotics appeared to be more effective in treating cats with sign of URI?

A

Clavamox or doxycycline

SQ cefovecin was not good

83
Q

What is the relationship btwn weight loss, stress, and URI in cats in shelters?

A

Cats in shelters likely to lose weight (82%), develop URI (58%), cats with high stress score were 5.6 times more likely to develop URI

84
Q

What were the most common components of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome?

A

most common components of BAOS were elongated soft palate (85/90 [94%]), stenotic nares (69/90 [77%]), everted laryngeal saccules (59/90 [66%]), and everted tonsils (50/90 [56%]).

The everted tonsils is DIFFERENT

85
Q

What has been associated with CIV (H3N8) in dogs housed in shelters?

A

○ Number of days in the shelter was the only factor significantly associated with positive serologic test results.

For every 3 days in the shelter, the odds of a positive serologic test result increased significantly by 2.2

86
Q

What was noted as exposure factors for CIV in dogs that had influenza-like illness in US?

A

likelihood of H3N8 CIV seropositivity was associated with geographic region (southeast during 2005, west and northeast during 2006 and 2007, and northeast during 2008) and exposure setting (dogs housed in a shelter facility or boarding kennel during 2005 and 2006).

87
Q

What was the overall seroprevalence of CIV in dogs that had influenza-like illness in US?

A

Overall seroprevalence of antibodies against H3N8 CIV was 49%

88
Q

What is true regarding serology for nasal aspergillosis in dogs?

A

Monitoring serology is NOT recommended to determine response to tx
Monitoring of CS (nasal d/c) is also not consistent with disease state

89
Q

What % of dogs are disease free after 1 clotrimazole tx with nasal aspergillosis?

A

48% first tx
3 after second
1 dog after third

90
Q

What is the overall success rate of clotrimazole infusion for nasal aspergillosis in dogs?

A

Overall success (taken recurrence into account) = 67% (12/15 dogs)

91
Q

What is recommended for follow-up on dogs with nasal aspergillosis?

A

Repeat rhinoscopy

92
Q

Which dog breed is over-represented to have cryptococcus?

A

American cocker spaniel

93
Q

Which spp of Crypto is more common in cats? Location of infection

A

Cryptococcus gattii, molecular type VGII (resp, skin)

94
Q

Which spp of Crypto is more common in dogs? Location of infection

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (eyes)

95
Q

Is the antigen assays alone sufficient for diagnosis of crytococcus in dogs and cats?

A

NO!

96
Q

What was not a negative prognostic indicator in dogs that were treated surgically for idiopathic chylothorax?

A

Lung lobectomy

97
Q

What was the prognosis for dogs treated surgically for idiopathic chylothorax?

A

FAIR (MST 46 months)

98
Q

What favorable treatment effects were noted in dogs with pyothoraxx?

A

Surgery (short term survival 77%)

Pleural Lavage and Heparin tx (short 92% and long term 70%)

99
Q

What treatment proved to increased short and long term survival dogs with pyothorax?

A

Pleural Lavage and Heparin tx (short 92% and long term 70%)

100
Q

How did manual aspiration and suction aspiration compared in BALs in healthy animals?

A

Suction resulted in significantly higher percentage of fluid retrieval and samples with a higher TNCC than did than manual aspiration

101
Q

What resulted in better epithelial lining fluid recovery?

A

Using the weight-adjusted BAL amounts compared to the fix amounts

102
Q

What protein biomarkers are noted to be increase in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic bronchitis?

A

Upregulated: β-actin, complement C3, α-1-antitrypsin, apolipoprotein A-1, haptoglobin, and transketolase

103
Q

What protein biomarkers are noted to be decreaseed in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic bronchitis?

A

Downregulated: lysozyme C

104
Q

What ELISA has been developed that may be beneficial as a biomarker of pulmonary disease in dogs?

A

Canine surfactant protein A (sandwhich ELISA)

105
Q

What was the use IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and total NO metabolites in BAL fluid from cats to discriminate btwn asthma and chronic bronchitis?

A

None of the measured cytokines or NO metabolites were useful for discriminating between cats with naturally developing asthma and those with chronic bronchitis

106
Q

Which cytokines are noted to be increased in brachycephalic dogs compared to controls? What is interesting about their levels?

A

brachycephalic dogs, plasma TNF-α, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and NO concentrations were higher than values in control dogs and appeared to be associated with disease severity

107
Q

What is true regarding CPAP in dogs?

A

• Use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in dogs recovering from anesthesia (pediatric helmet)
○ PaO2 was higher at CPAP (105.6 ± 4.0 mm Hg) compared with pre-CPAP (80.6 ± 6.9 mm Hg) and post-CPAP

Tolerated well; also had lower PaCO values, lower RRs

108
Q

What is true regarding ratio of pulse oximetry saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO2 /FiO2 , [SF]) to ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/FiO2 (PaO2 /FiO2 , [PF]) in dogs breathing room air?

A

SF and PF in dogs spontaneously breathing room air have good correlation, suggesting that SF may be a useful, noninvasive surrogate for PF when assessing oxygenation in canine patients

109
Q

Was fast and shallow breathing in dogs/cats correlated with pleural space disease?

A

NO! But paradoxical breathing was

110
Q

What can CPAP do when administered with a face mask in dogs?

A

Increases PaO₂ above values obtained when using a regular face mask

111
Q

Looking at dogs with pneumonia, how many had an organism that was resistant to the empirically selected ABX? What was found in these animals?

A

26% (29/111) of the dogs had at least 1 bacterial isolate that was resistant to empirically selected antimicrobials

Animal that had ABX within 4 wks had high incidence (57.4%, 31/54) of in vitro bacterial resistance to those antimicrobials was found

112
Q

In dogs with pneumonia was there a longer stay if incorrect empirical ABX were administered?

A

NO! no relationship was found between inappropriate initial empiric antimicrobial selection and length of hospital stay or mortality

113
Q

What is true regarding deep oral swab (DOS) and routine transoral tracheal wash (TOTW) in dogs with pneumonia?

A

Deep oral swab is not an appropriate alternative to TOTW to obtain samples for BC&S in puppies with pneumonia.
In adult dogs, traditional TOTW remains the gold standard, but DOS may be considered in dogs with suspected HAI (hospital acquired infections).

114
Q

What is known about pneumonia in patients that require ventilation compared to dogs with resp dz that do not?

A

Dogs that required ventilation (severe resp failure) exhibited a different pattern of bacteria and susceptibility compared to animals with resp dz

Resp failure = Gram neg enterics (e.coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella)
Resistant to ampicillin, clavamox, chloramphenicol, enrofloxcain, ticarcillin/clav, and combo ampic/enro)

Resp dz = Gram neg nonenteric (Pasteurella, Bordetella) or anaerobic

115
Q

In dogs with aspiration pneumonia with was associated with survival and what was a negative prognostic indicator?

A

Positive: Only 1 affected lung lobe appeared more likely to survive
Negative: Colloid therapy

116
Q

In dogs with aspiration pneumonia, what treatment improved survival?

A

NONE, no individual treatment method was found to be superior others

117
Q

What technique may minimize severe post-op morbidity with sx for brachycephalic syndrome in dogs?

A

Use of nasotracheal tube, helped to reduce resp distress

118
Q

What is the main reason that brachycephalic dogs get put on the ventilator?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

119
Q

In brachycephalic dogs that get put on the ventilator, what was the discharge rate and recommendation to improve it?

A

Discharge rate 27%

Preemptive placement of tracheostomy tubes

120
Q

Which virus resulted in two cats deaths from resp distress following their owners recovering from the flu?

A

Anthroponotic transmission of influenza A H1N1

PCR isolated from one cat

121
Q

What can be used in persistent pneumothorax in dogs?

A

Autologous blood patch pleruodesis

Complications include: infection

122
Q

What is the most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in cats?

A

Asthma (25%)

Associated with extensive pulmonary pathology

123
Q

What is the difference in clinical presentation of asthma associated secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (AASSP) versus nonasthma-associated secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (NAASSP)?

A

No difference in clinical presentation was identified between cats with AASSP and cats with NAASSP

124
Q

Which fungal dz has been noted to result in spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Aspergillosis

125
Q

What is the most common cause of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in cats?

A

General anesthesia, intubation, PPV (38%)
Trauma (27%)
Tracheal FBs (4%)
Unknown cause in 31%

126
Q

What is the prognosis for spontaneous pneumomediastinum in cats?

A

Good with supportive care

87% survival to discharge

127
Q

Based on MRI, could you predict the difference bwtn sinonasal aspergilosis and LP rhinitis?

A

Yes! On the T1 weight image, aspergillosis was hyperintense and LP rhinitis was hypotense

128
Q

Based on MRI, what was the most reliable predictor of sinonasal aspergilosis and LP rhinitis?

A

Turbinate destruction

129
Q

How do blind biopsies compared to rhinoscopy guided bx for nasal tumors in dogs?

A

NO difference! But repeat bx may be required to get diagnosis

130
Q

Which spp are noted to be normal fungi in canine nose and are they related to LP rhinitis?

A

Alternaria and Cladosporium

NO - probably not involved in pathogenesis of LP rhinitis

131
Q

What are rhinoliths?

A

Found in a Chihuahua and Pekingese (Ca carbonate, related to plant material)

132
Q

What are CS associated with nasal polyps in dogs?

A

nasal discharge, epistaxsis and stertor
Lots of soft tissue on CT
Tx: Rhinotomy
Some reoccur

133
Q

What factors have been found to have a unsuccessful outcome with tracheostomy tubes?

A

Bulldogs and dogs with bracycardia

134
Q

What disorder has been seen in 1 dog with a pituitary adenoma that results in inspiratory stridor, dyspnea, and cyanosis?

A

Palatolingual myokymia

135
Q

What is known about inhaled budesonide in cats?

A

well tolerated, resulting in improvement of clinical signs and barometric whole body plethysmography parameters
Supression of HPA axis but no adverse CS related

136
Q

What has been used to show correlation between airway eosinophilic inflammation and bronchoconstriction/airway responsiveness?

A

Whole body plethysmography

137
Q

Which breed is noted to have a higher incidence of aspiration pneumonia in Sydney?

A

Irish Wolfhounds

138
Q

What has been noted regarding the soft palate in dogs with severe brachycephalic airway syndrome?

A

severe brachycephalic airway syndrome had significantly thicker soft palates compared to absent/minimal brachycephalic airway syndrome (P<0·05) and control

139
Q

How long was clotrimazole noted to be retained in the frontal sinus of canine cadavers?

A

Up to 96 hours

Need to mediate the rostral and lateral compartments of the frontal sinus

ACVIM Reading List (27 decks)

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