Literature Section Flashcards
Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.
What was the effect of intermittent hemodialysis on serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in dogs with IRIS IV CKD?
For every 0.1 increase in urea reduction ratio, investigators saw a 6.2 ug/dL decrease in serum SDMA
Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.
In dogs with IRIS IV CKD undergoing intermittent hemodialysis, what was the percentage rebound in serum SDMA in the inter-dialytic period?
25% rebound between sessions every 48 hours
Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.
What is the origin of symmetric dimethylarginine in the body?
Within the cell nucleus, L-arginine is methylated by protein-arginine methyltransferase enzymes –> symmetric & asymmetric dimethylarginine
SDMA then released across cell membrane into circulation
Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.
What percentage GFR decrease is detected by an increase in serum creatinine? Serum SDMA?
Creatinine: 75% GFR loss
SDMA: 40% GFR loss (or as little as 20% depending on study)
Bradley et al. JVIM 2019. Predicting early risk of CKD in cats using routine laboratory tests and machine learning.
What were the sensitivity and specificity of a machine-learning based, predictive model for the development of CKD in cats 1 year prior to CKD diagnosis?
2 years prior?
1 year: Sensitivity 63%; Specificity 99%
2 years: Sensitivity 44%; Specificity 99%
Bradley et al. JVIM 2019. Predicting early risk of CKD in cats using routine laboratory tests and machine learning.
Recently, a predictive model for the development of CKD in cats was developed using routing laboratory tests. What parameters were ultimately included in the predictive model?
BUN, creatinine, age, USG
Sargent et al. JVIM 2019. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in geriatric cats.
What correlation relationships exist between plasma FGF23 and SDMA, FGF23 and creatinine, and FGF23 and phosphate in non-azotemic geriatric cats?
FGF23 & SDMA: weak positive correlation (r = 0.353)
FGF23 & creatinine: moderate positive (r = 0.525)
FGF23 & phosphate: no correlation
Cats with high SDMA had higher FGF23 levels
Jambhekar et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Systematic review & meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species & lower respiratory tract disease in dogs.
In a recent meta-analysis evaluating the association of Mycoplasma spp. with clinical lower respiratory tract disease in dogs, what species were suspected to be primary pathogens?
- M. cynos* suspected to be a primary pathogen (sialidase & hemagluttinin HapA virulence factors)
- M. spumans* role unclear
- M. canis, M. edwardii* suspected to be commensal
Jambhekar et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Systematic review & meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species & lower respiratory tract disease in dogs.
In a recent meta-analysis evaluating the role of Mycoplasma spp in clinical lower respiratory disease in dogs, what recommendation was made for testing of samples from the lower respiratory tract?
Perform species-specific PCR for M. cynos
Avoid nonspecific Mycoplasma species primers as they may amplify commensals
Jambhekar et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Systematic review & meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species & lower respiratory tract disease in dogs.
What Mycoplasma species was associated with development of clinical upper respiratory disease in non-shelter cats?
Mycoplasma felis
Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.
What is the mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil?
Mycophenolate mofetil is de-esterified by tissues into mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic acid –> inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
Causes inhibition of guanosine synthesis (purine)
Inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, antibody production, adhesion of glycoproteins to endothelial cells
Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.
In a recent study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in cats, what metabolic steps were documented to occur?
Tissue de-esterification into mycophenolic acid
Hepatic biotransformation to MPA phenol glucoside & phenol glucuronide
Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.
In a recent study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in cats, what doses were tolerated?
What adverse effects occurred?
10 mg/kg BID tolerated by all cats
15 mg/kg BID –> 1/4 cats developed self-limiting diarrhea & anorexia
15 mg/kg TID –> 4/4 cats developed diarrhea & anorexia, none completed study
Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.
In a recent study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in cats, what effects on hematologic parameters were noted?
No effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts
No effect on CD4/CD8 ratio
McBride et al. JVIM 2019. Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury.
What hematologic differences were identified between dogs with IRIS III AKI or greater compared to healthy controls?
Dogs with AKI had higher platelet count, lower hematocrit
Platelets: AKI 350, controls 241
HCT: AKI 34.7%, controls 46.1%
McBride et al. JVIM 2019. Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury.
What functional primary hemostatic differences were noted in dogs with grade III AKI or greater compared to healthy controls?
Decreased collagen-induced platelet aggregation
Decreased von Willbrand factor - collagen binding
McBride et al. JVIM 2019. Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury.
What are the classifications of von Willebrand’s disease?
Type I: partial vWF deficiency
Type II: qualitative vWF defect
Type III: complete absence of vWF
Guidetti et al. JVIM 2019. Alloimmunization of a dog erythrocyte antigen 1 negative dog transfused with weakly dog erythrocyte antigen 1 positive blood.
Was weakly DEA1+ canine blood able to induce alloantibody production when transfused to a DEA1- dog?
What strength of incompatibility occurred & for how long?
Yes
Strong crossmatch incompatibilities with DEA1+ blood
Weak-moderate crossmatch incompatibilities with DEA1- blood
Incompatibilities persisted for more than 4.5 years
Oh et al. JVIM 2019. Circulating neurohormone imbalances in canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and canine pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
What neurohormonal differences were noted in dogs with SARDS compared to dogs with PDH and normal dogs?
Dogs with PDH had higher urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin:uCr compared to dogs with SARDS
No differences in serum melatonin, serotonin, dopamine
Schofield et al. JVIM 2019. Development of a health-related quality of life tool for dogs with Cushing’s syndrome.
Using a Cushing’s-specific quality of life score, what factors significantly impacted quality of life for dogs with Cushing’s syndrome?
Treatment with trilostane improved quality of life for dogs with Cushing’s
Guglielmini et al. JVIM 2019. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study.
What was the utility of the echocardiographic myocardial performance index in identifying cardiac changes associated with hypothyroidism in dogs?
MPI could not identify cardiac changes associated with hypothyroidism in dogs
Guglielmini et al. JVIM 2019. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study.
What cardiac changes were noted in hypothyroid dogs vs. healthy controls on physical exam? ECG? Echo?
Physical examination: decreased heart rate (most not bradycardic)
ECG: decreased p- and R-wave amplitude
Echo: decreased EPSSn, decreased trans-mitral E wave velocity
Guglielmini et al. JVIM 2019. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study.
What cardiac changes were noted in hypothyroid dogs after supplementation with levothyroxine?
Increased: heart rate, p-wave amplitude, trans-mitral E wave velocity, fractional shortening
Decreased: EPSSn, LV end-diastolic volume, normalized systolic LV diameter
Hodgson et al. JVIM 2019. Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model to estimate serum ionized calcium from serum biochemical profile results in cats.
What were the sensitivity and specificity for detecting hypercalcemia of a predictive model for calculating ionized calcium from total calcium & other biochemical/signalment parameters in cats?
Sensitivity: 42.5%
Specificity: 97%
Hodgson et al. JVIM 2019. Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model to estimate serum ionized calcium from serum biochemical profile results in cats.
What were the sensitivity and specificity for detecting hypocalcemia of a predictive model for calculating ionized calcium from total calcium & other biochemical/signalment parameters in cats?
Sensitivity: 0%
Specificity: 99.6%
Nathanson et al. JVIM 2019. Esophagostomy tube complications in dogs and cats: Retrospective review of 225 cases.
What was the complication rate in dogs and cats after E-tube placement?
Dogs: 43%
Cats: 45.5%
Nathanson et al. JVIM 2019. Esophagostomy tube complications in dogs and cats: Retrospective review of 225 cases.
What was the infection rate in dogs and cats after E-tube placement?
Dogs: 13.7%
Cats: 17.8%
23% of cats and 36% of dogs with infections required surgical debridement
Schmitz et al. JVIM 2019. Diagnostic features, treatment, outcome of dogs with inflamamtory protein-losing enteropathy.
What factors were associated with outcome (survival, time to normalization of albumin) in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy?
No factors associated with outcome.
Included:
- Whether 2nd agent was used vs. glucocorticoids alone
- Any clinicopathologic parameters, including albumin, cobalamin
- AUS findings
Schmitz et al. JVIM 2019. Diagnostic features, treatment, outcome of dogs with inflamamtory protein-losing enteropathy.
What histopathologic changes were present in the GI tract of dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy?
Stomach: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
SI: lymphoplasmacytic plus eosinophilic inflamamtion most common; then chronic active (LP + neutrophilic)
Colon: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
Crypt abscessation (55%), villous blunting (45%), lacteal dilation (32%) common
Schmitz et al. JVIM 2019. Diagnostic features, treatment, outcome of dogs with inflamamtory protein-losing enteropathy.
What ultrasound findings are supportive of protein-losing enteropathy? Sensitivity and specificity?
Mucosal hyperechoic speckling and vertical striations
Sensitivity: 75%
Specificity: 96%
Wennogle et al. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations.
In dogs with CIE, what clinical and clinicopathologic differences were identified between dogs with low 25-OHD vs. dogs with normal 25-OHD?
Dogs with low 25-OHD had higher severity scores (CCECAI) & higher CRP, lower vitamin E, cholesterol, albumin
Wennogle et al. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations.
In dogs with CIE, how did serum 25-OHD correlate with histopathologic findings?
Moderate negative correlation b/w 25-OHD and duodenal morphologic scores (villous blunting, crypt dilation, epithelial injury, lacteal dilation, mucosal fibrosis)
Moderate negative correlation b/w 25-OHD and duodenal inflammation scores
Moderate negative correlation with total histopath score in duodenum, combined duodenum and ileum
Wennogle et al. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations.
In dogs with CIE, is loss of vitamin D binding protein a significant factor in the development of low 25-OHD?
No; no difference in VDBP b/w CIE dogs with low vs. normal 25-OHD
Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018)
What were the most common clinical signs associated with hiatal hernia in cats? What percent had regurgitation?
Weight loss, vomiting, anorexia most common
Only 10% had regurgitation as a clinical sign
Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018)
Is type I hiatal hernia more likely congenital or acquired in cats?
Why?
How does this differ from dogs?
More likely acquired
- 65% of cats were > 3 y old at diagnosis
- 29% had upper airway obstruction –> possible cause
Dogs: 75% of sliding hiatal hernias congenital
Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018)
What are the classifications of hiatal hernia? Which type is most common in cats?
Type I: sliding
Type II: Paraesophageal (cranial stomach “flips” up alongside esophagus)
Type III: displacement of LES and fundus into thorax
Type IV: liver, stomach, SI herniate into thorax
Type I present in 85.7% of cats
Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018)
How many cats with hiatal hernia were diagnosed via plain radiographs? Videofluoroscopic swallow study? CT?
TXR: 38%
VFSS: 100%
CT: 100%
Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.
What was the effect of prednisone (2 mg/kg), aspirin (2 mg/kg), or combination on the odds of developing gastric mucosal erosions/ulcerations in healthy research dogs?
Prednisone: 11x higher odds of developing mucosal lesion score > 4
Pred + aspirin: 31.5x higher odds of developing mucosal lesion score > 4
Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.
What was the effect of prednisone (2 mg/kg), aspirin (2 mg/kg), or combination on clinicopathologic results and clinical signs in healthy research dogs?
Pred & pred + aspirin groups: increased ALP, UPC, BUN/creatinine
No effect on clinical signs (even dogs with severe endoscopic lesions did not show clinical signs of GI hemorrhage)
Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?
Irreversible acetylation of COX active site on platelets and megakaryocytes –> decreased thromboxane production & decreased aggregation
Mabry et al. JVIM 2019. Use of video capsule endoscopy to identify gastrointestinal lesions in dogs with microcytosis or GI hemorrhage.
What percentage of dogs with microcytosis, low MCV, or clinical GI bleeding had gastric lesions identified via capsule endoscopy? Intestinal lesions?
Gastric lesions: 14/16 (87.5%)
SI lesions: 12/14 (85.7%)
2 capsules failed to leave the stomach (13%)
Hedges et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the effect of a famotidine CRI on intragastric pH in healthy dogs.
Was administration of famotidine as a bolus (1 mg/kg IV q 12h) or CRI (1 mg/kg load + 8 mg/kg/d) superior at maintaining an intragastric pH > 3 in healthy dogs?
CRI administration was superior
Mean % time pH > 3 for CRI: Day 1 –> 92.1%, Day 2 –> 96.3%, Day 3 –> 90%
For bolus: Day 1 –> 49.3%, Day 2 –> 42.2%, Day 3 –> 45.8%
Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs.
What is the proposed classification system for lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs?
Type I: megaesophagus with acontractile primary & absent secondary peristalsis
Type II: hypomotile primary peristalsis w/ or w/o megaesophagus
Type III: spastic or hypermotile distal esophagus against closed LES, w/ or w/o megaesophagus
Pseudo: mechanical obstruction
Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.
What VFSS findings were present in dogs with LES-AS but not in healthy controls?
Baseline esophageal fluid line (68%)
Bird beak sign (63%)
Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs.
What percentage of dogs with generalized megaesophagus had VFSS findings consistent with LES-AS?
61% of dogs with megaesophagus
Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs.
What percentage of dogs with VFSS findings consistent with LES-AS had generalized megaesophagus?
74% of dogs with LES-AS had megaesophagus
Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.
What evidence is there for the use of probiotics in acute GI disease in dogs?
Available studies not robust enough to make valid claim
Overall effects appear clinically unimportant
Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.
What evidence is there for the use of probiotics in chronic GI disease in dogs?
Meta-analysis underpowered, but no effect for most probiotics
Dietary intervention most important
VSL#3 achieved remission as a single treatment in dogs with IBD, but not as quickly as pred/metronidazole combo
Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.
What was the effect of probiotic administration on hospitalized puppies with parvoviral infections?
No effect on length of hospitalization or case fatality
Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.
What 6 bacterial strains have been evaluated for safety and efficacy as probiotics by the European Food Safety Administration?
- Enterococcus faecium* 1705 & 1707
- Lactobacillus acidophilus* 25 and D2/CSL
- Bifidobacterium animalis*
- Bacillus subtilis*
Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs.
Class, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action of tylosin?
Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs.
What was the effect of 7 days of tylosin administration (20 mg/kg PO BID) on diversity indices in the GI microbiota of healthy dogs?
Day 7: decreased bacterial diversity (alpha & beta; Chao1, Shannon, observed spp)
Variable return to normal diversity within two months
Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs
What bacterial species increased, and what bacterial families decreased in the GI microbiome after 7 days of tylosin administration (20 mg/kg PO BID) to healthy dogs?
Increased: Enterococcaceae, Peptosptreptococcaceae
Decreased: Veilonellaceae, Fusobacteriaceae
Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs
What was the effect of 7 days of tylosin (20 mg/kg PO BID) on primary and secondary unconjugated bile acids in the GI tract of healthy dogs?
Absolute increase in primary bile acids on days 7 and 63
Relative increase (>10% primary BA) at day 21
Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs
Describe the physiology and significance of GI primary vs. secondary bile acids
Primary bile acids synthesized by liver, conjugated to taurine, glycine & excreted into GI thru bile
Secondary bile acids formed from conversion of primary bile acids via 7-alpha-dehydroxylation by Clostridial spp.
In healthy humans, secondary bile acids predominate in the feces
Increase in primary bile acids –> dysbiosis
Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs
Describe the difference between alpha and beta diversity? Richness and evenness?
Which experimental indices measure richness vs. evenness?
Alpha diversity: within-subject diversity
Beta diversity: between-subject diversity
Richness: how many different categories are there within the subject (Chao1)
Evenness: how similar are the amounts within the different categories (Shannon)
Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from administration of clopidogrel, prednisone, or combination in healthy dogs: A double‐blind randomized trial.
Mechanism of action of clopidogrel?
Irreversible binding to the P2Y12 platelet receptor, preventing formation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex –> inhibition of aggregation
Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from administration of clopidogrel, prednisone, or combination in healthy dogs: A double‐blind randomized trial.
What was the effect of 28 days of prednisone (2 mg/kg SID), clopidogrel (2-3 mg/kg SID), and combination on endoscopic mucosal lesion scores in healthy research dogs?
Groups receiving prednisone had a 7x higher odds of having a mucosal lesion score > 4
Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from administration of clopidogrel, prednisone, or combination in healthy dogs: A double‐blind randomized trial.
What was the effect of 28 days of prednisone (2 mg/kg PO SID), clopidogrel (2-3 mg/kg PO SID) and combination on clinicopathologic data in healthy research dogs?
Pred-receiving groups had increases in ALP, GGT, lipase, BUN:creatinine & UPC over time
Serrano et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
What is the percentage range of expected perioperative survival (> 1 week) after surgical intervention of any kind for congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt?
Clinical success (no signs beyond occasional diarrhea/lethargy)?
Surgical success (shunt closure w/o APSS formation)?
Perioperative survival: 83% (coil) to 97% (thin-film)
Clinical success: 81% (partial ligation) to 100% (coil or amplatzer)
Surgical: 58% (thin-film) to 82% (ameroid)
Serrano et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
What surgical intervention option had a significant benefit in surgical outcome?
Ameroid constrictor had increased odds of successful surgical outcome vs. thin-film band
Lucena et al. JVIM 2019. Effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on liver function in healthy dogs.
What was the effect of 14 days of E. faecium SF68 on liver values in healthy dogs?
No effect on ALT, ALP
Did not evaluate other liver parameters, pseudofunction tests, bile acids, ammonia
Lucena et al. JVIM 2019. Effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on liver function in healthy dogs.
What was the effect of 14 days of E. faecium SF68 on serum lipids in healthy dogs?
Significant decrease in cholesterol at day 28 (14 d after discontinued)
Progressive increases in triglycerides which became significant on day 28
One dog became hypertriglyceridemic
Ullal et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs.
What percentage of dogs attained remission when treated with cyclosporine +/- other medications?
What was the median time to remission?
79% of dogs achieved remission
Median time to remission was 2.5 months (range: 0.75-18 months)
Ullal et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs.
What factors, if any, were associated with likelihood of remission & time to remission?
No evaluated factors associated with likelihood/time to remission
Evaluated: - use of hepatoprotectants
- hyperbilirubinemia
- hypoalbuminemia
- dose/duration of cyclosporine
- ascites
- prolonged coagulation times
Ullal et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs.
What adverse effects were noted associated with cyclosporine use in dogs with presumed ICH?
GI upset in 38%
Gingival hyperplasia in 25%
Ineson et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure.
What was the prevalence of cachexia in dogs with CHF as assessed by muscle loss on physical exam?
Prevalence as assessed by weight loss > 5% in 12 months?
Muscle loss: 48.3%
Weight loss: 42.1%
Ineson et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure.
What clinical and laboratory factors were associated with shorter survival in dogs with CHF?
Cachexia
Being over- or under-weight
Azotemia
Clinically important tachyarrhythmias
Ineson et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure.
What clinical and laboratory factors were more likely in dogs with CHF and cachexia vs. dogs with CHF that were not cachectic?
Lower albumin
Older
Arrhythmias
Lower BCS
Higher chloride
Lower hematocrit
Loughran et al. JVIM 2019. The use of focused cardiac ultrasound to screen for occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats.
What was a non-specialist practitioner’s ability to detect mild occult heart disease in non-clinical cats using focused cardiac ultrasound? Moderate and severe disease?
Mild: 45.6%
Moderate: 93.1%
Severe: 100%
King et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospecitve, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
What benefit did benazepril (0.5-1 mg/kg PO SID) provide in cats with heart disease compared to placebo?
No significant difference over time
Parameters assessed: LA diameter, LV wall thickness, time to heart-related treatment failure
King et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospecitve, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
What adverse effects were associated with benazepril (0.5-1 mg/kg PO SID) in cats with heart disease compared to placebo?
No significant difference in adverse effects, QOL scores, or CPC parameters compared to placebo
Fox et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term incidence and risk of non-cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
What effect does preclinical HCM have on survival time, non-cardiac mortality, cardiac mortality, and all-cause mortality in cats?
Decreased median survival time
Increased cardiac & all-cause mortality
No effect on non-cardiac mortality
Fox et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term incidence and risk of non-cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
What were the two most common causes of non-cardiac mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical HCM?
CKD
Neoplasia
Engel et al. JVIM 2019. Effectiveness of imepitoin fo the control of anxiety and fear associated with noise phobia in dogs.
Did it work?
Yes; owners 4.7x more likely to say it had an excellent overall treatment effect than placebo
Vansteenkiste et al. JVIM 2019. MicroRNA expression in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with and without cervical spondylomyelopathy.
Was there a difference in the miRNA profile of CSF of Great Danes affected by osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy vs. healthy Great Danes?
Yes - 8 miRNAs differed
Mari et al. JVIM 2019. Predictors of urinary and fecal incontinence in dogs with thoracolumbar acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion.
Risk factors for development of urinary and fecal incontinence after ANCNPE?
Just fecal incontinence?
Urinary and fecal: >40% of the spinal cord affected on T2 weighted MRI, paraplegia
Just fecal: withholding NSAIDs, spinal shock signs
Mari et al. JVIM 2019. Predictors of urinary and fecal incontinence in dogs with thoracolumbar acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion.
Prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence after ANCNPE?
Urinary: 9.1%
Fecal: 23.5%
Mariani et al. JVIM 2019. CSF lactate in dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders.
What are normal cell counts and protein levels for CSF in cats and dogs?
Cats: TNCC < 8/uL
Dogs: TNCC < 5/uL
Protein: 25-30 mg/dL (up to 45 if lumbar tap)
Cytology: small #s of small lymphocytes & large mononuclear cells
Mariani et al. JVIM 2019. CSF lactate in dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders.
What was the prevalence and association with survival of high CSF lactate in dogs?
Prevalence: 47% of dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders had high CSF lactate
- couldn’t differentiate between different types of disease
No association with survival
Charalambous et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of intranasal versus intravenous midazolam for management of status epilepticus in dogs: A multi‐center randomized parallel group clinical study.
Taking into account medication preparation and IV catheter placement, was administration of 0.2 mg/kg midazolam faster at ending status epilepticus when administered intranasally or IV?
Intranasally (100 s vs. 270 s)
Perez-Lopez et al. JVIM 2019. Assessment of the association between diabetes mellitus and CKD in cats.
What association exists between diabetes mellitus and diagnosis of CKD in cats?
What other factors were associated with CKD diagnosis?
OR of 4.47 for cat with DM to have CKD
Other factors: age, mixed breed
Cai et al. JVIM 2019. Heritability and complex segregation analysis of diabetes mellitus in Alaskan Eskimo dogs.
What was the heritability and mode of inheritence of DM in AED?
Heritability 0.62
Polygenic
Hunprasit et al. JVIM 2019. Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015.
Other than breed, what risk factors were identified for CaOx stone formation?
Age, being male, neutered status
Hunprasit et al. JVIM 2019. Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015.
What management recommendation was made based on the results?
Screening in high-risk breeds with annual radiographs starting at 5-6 years
Screening Pomeranians, Yorkies, Brussels even earlier
Hunprasit et al. JVIM 2019. Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015.
What three new high-risk breeds were identified?
What characteristic was shared among high risk breeds? Low risk?
All high risk breeds were small breed dogs
Japanese Chin, Brussels Griffon, Miniature Pinscher
Borys et al. JVIM 2019. Differences in clinicopathologic variables between Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactive and Borrelia C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs.
What breed was overrepresented for developing PLN after infection with Borrelia?
Retrievers (Labrador, Golden)
Borys et al. JVIM 2019. Differences in clinicopathologic variables between Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactive and Borrelia C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs.
What clinicopathologic differences were found between C6 seroreactive and seronegative dogs with PLN?
Seroreactive more likely to have thrombocytopenia, anemia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, neutrophilia
Seroreactive more likely to have active urine sediment (pyuria, hematuria) and glucosuria without positive urine culture
Borys et al. JVIM 2019. Differences in clinicopathologic variables between Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactive and Borrelia C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs.
What is the C6 antigen and why is it used to detect infection with Borrelia?
How does C6 antigen positivity behave with treatment of Borrelia?
C6 antigen is a portion of the VslE surface protein on the Borrelia organism
Only expressed within the host during active infection
BUT qualitative tests will remain positive even after treatment/resolution, sometimes for years
Nivy et al. JVIM 2019. A prospective randomized study of 2 treatment protocols in preventing recurrence of clinical signs in 51 male cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis.
What was the effect of adding meloxicam to a treatment protocol for FIC with UO in male cats (alprazolam + phenoxybenzamine) on recurrence of UO within 6 months?
No effect
Nivy et al. JVIM 2019. A prospective randomized study of 2 treatment protocols in preventing recurrence of clinical signs in 51 male cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis.
What percentage of male cats with FIC that develop urinary obstruction will re-obstruct within 6 months?
What percentage will develop recurrent FIC signs with or without obstruction?
16% reobstruct
24% developed recurrent FIC signs
Chik et al. JVIM 2019. Therapeutic use of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution for treatment of subcutaneous ureteral bypass device mineralization in cats.
What was the effect of infusion of 1-2 ml 2% tEDTA solution into mineralized & obstructed SUB systems in cats?
All cats had resolution of obstruction
Rudinsky et al. JVIM 2019. Variability of first morning USG in 103 healthy dogs.
What was the mean difference between min and max USG over two weeks in first morning USG in healthy dogs?
What was the coefficient of variation across 6 first-morning urine samples?
- 015
- 4%
Violette et al. JVIM 2019. Correlations among tracheal dimensions, tracheal stent dimensions, and major complications after endoluminal stenting of tracheal collapse syndrome in dogs.
What was the overall major (requiring a second stent) complication rate?
What major complications occurred and in what percentage of dogs?
Overall: 52%
Sent fracture: 25%
Obstructive tissue ingrowth: 19%
Progressive tracheal collapse: 12%
Violette et al. JVIM 2019. Correlations among tracheal dimensions, tracheal stent dimensions, and major complications after endoluminal stenting of tracheal collapse syndrome in dogs.
What major complication was associated with a shorter median survival time?
Stent fracture (MST 600 d vs. 1270 d)
Violette et al. JVIM 2019. Correlations among tracheal dimensions, tracheal stent dimensions, and major complications after endoluminal stenting of tracheal collapse syndrome in dogs.
What risk factors were identified for caudodorsal stent fracture?
High degree of natural tapering of the trachea
Increased percentage of oversizing
Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2005-2016).
What radiographic, clinicopathologic, and BAL cytologic differences were identified between dogs with EB, EG, and EBP?
EB dogs were less likely to have peripheral eosinophilia, radographic bronchiectasis, lower mean % eos on BAL cytology (21% vs. 55% EG, 61% EBP)
Dogs with EBP more likely to have peripheral leukocytosis
Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2005-2016).
Among dogs with >14% eos on BAL cytology, what was the prevelance of EB? EG? EBP?
What ws the prognosis of EG in this study?
EB: 41%
EG: 12%
EBP: 47%
Prognosis of EG: 9/9 dogs with follow up info improved or resolved with GCs and mucolytics (NAC or nebulized saline)
Nivy et al. JVIM 2019. Time course of serum cobalamin, folate, and total iron binding capacity concentrations in pregnant bitches and association with hematological variables and survival.
What changes associated with pregnancy-related anemia were noted in bitches in late pregnancy compared to mid pregnancy?
Late-pregnant bitches had lower serum cobalamin, RBC counts BUT higher serum iron and transferrin saturation
Francey et al. JVIM 2019. Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response.
What clinicopathologic changes were noted in dogs receiving membrane-based TPE treatments?
Decreased TP (by 25%), fibrinogen (53%), bilirubin (36%), BUN (9%), creatinine (4.5%)
Francey et al. JVIM 2019. Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response.
What organ dysfunction was associated with citrate accumulation?
Renal impairment > hepatic impairment
Francey et al. JVIM 2019. Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response.
What was the complication rate in dogs receiving membrane-based TPE treatments?
34%; 2 fatal complications
Anderson et al. JVIM 2019. Lispro insulin and electrolyte supplementation for treatment of DKA in cats.
What differences in outcome were seen between DKA cats treated with a CRI of lispro vs. regular insulin?
Lispro-treated cats had shorter time to BG < 250 mg/dL (7 vs. 12.5 h)
No difference in time to resolution of ketosis, acidosis, time to SC insulin administration, or time to hospital discharge
No difference in hospitalization cost
Anderson et al. JVIM 2019. Lispro insulin and electrolyte supplementation for treatment of DKA in cats.
What CRI insulin dose was associated with a better outcome in DKA cats?
0.09 U/kg/h had better outcome than 0.045 U/kg/h
Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.
What four plasma amino acids differed between dogs with IBD and healthy controls?
Lower methionine, serine, tryptophan, proline
Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.
What plasma amino acids correlated with CCECAI scores, CRP, and overall WSAVA score?
Plasma serine had weak negative correlation with CCECAI scores
No amino acid correlated with CRP, WSAVA scores
Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.
What changes in fecal SCFA concentrations were identified in dogs with CE vs. healthy controls?
Why are SCFAs important in CE?
CE dogs: lower acetate and proprionate; no change in butyrate
SCFA decrease may indicate dysbiosis, as SCFAs are metabolic by-products of indigestible fiber fermentation by GI bacteria
SCFAs increase anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFb)
SCFAs decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNFa)
SCFAs keep pH low and prevent overgrowth of pH sensitive bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridia)
Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.
What changes in fecal microbiota were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathy vs. healthy controls?
CE dogs had increased pathogenic E. coli, Strep, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium
CE dogs had decreased Firmicutes (Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter)
CE dogs had decreased bacterial diversity (richness, CHAO1; evenness, Shannon)
CE dogs had increased dysbiosis index
Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Usefulness of noninvasive shear wave elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in dogs with hepatic disease.
What was the ability of 2D shear wave elastography to detect hepatic fibrosis in dogs? To detect high necroinflammatory scores?
Could detect clinically-relevant hepatic fibrosis
Couldn’t detect early hepatic fibrosis vs. healthy dogs
Could not detect high necroinflammatory scores
Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Usefulness of noninvasive shear wave elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in dogs with hepatic disease.
What was the utility of serum hyaluronic acid to detect dogs with clinically significant hepatic fibrosis?
No sig difference in serum HA between dogs w/ and w/o clinically relevant hepatic fibrosis
Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Usefulness of noninvasive shear wave elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in dogs with hepatic disease.
What clinicopathologic parameters differed between dogs with liver disease with and without clinically significant hepatic fibrosis?
Fibrosis –> lower serum albumin and cholesterol BUT usu still within ref range
Wu et al. JVIM 2019. Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper in Dobermann dogs.
What genetic mutations were identified in Dobermann dogs and Labrador Retrievers with copper hepatopathy?
ATP7A –> enterocyte basal membrane –> transports copper from GI lumen into portal circulation; unclear role in copper hepatopathy
APT7B –> hepatocyte Golgi apparatus and lysosome, important for copper encorporation into ceruloplasmin & excretion into bile via hepatocyte apical membrane; had significant assocation with hepatic copper accumulation in Dutch and US Dobermanns
Wu et al. JVIM 2019. Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper in Dobermann dogs.
What histopathologic changes are associated with copper hepatopathy in dogs?
Centrolobular inflammation surrounding copper deposits around the central vein
LP inflammation and necrosis in portal areas (autoimmunity)
Wu et al. JVIM 2019. Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper in Dobermann dogs.
What gene mutation is associated with copper hepatopathy in Bedlington terriers?
COMMD1 gene
Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.
What was the 14-day mortality rate for dogs with GBM treated with cholecystectomy in a recent retrospective study & how does this compare to previous reports?
14-day mortality rate 19.6%
Lower than previously-reported (22-40%)
Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.
What breeds are predisposed to GBM formation?
Shelties, Cocker Spaniels, MIni Schnauzers
MBD most commonly affected in this study
Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.
How did long-term survival compare between dogs with GBM treated surgically, medically, or both?
Surgical: MST 1802 d
Medical: MST 1240 d
Both: 203 d
Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.
What factors were associated with decreased survival in dogs with GBM regardless of management strategy?
Increasingly severe mucocele type
increased serum ALP
increased serum creatinine
Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.
What factor was associated with increased survival in dogs with GBM treated surgically?
Evidence of rupture on AUS (may prompt more aggressive management)
Larouche-Lebel et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease.
In the expanded RAAS, which angiotensin peptides are vasoconstrictive/maladaptive?
Which are vasodilatory/beneficial?
What receptors do they bind?
Maladaptive: AT1(1-10), AT2(1-8), AT3(2-8) Ang(2-7), Ang(3-7)
Beneficial: Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7), Ang(1-5), AT4(3-8), Ang(2-10)
Maladaptive receptor: AT2 receptor type 1
Beneficial receptors: AT2 receptor type 2, MasR, AT4(3-8) receptor
Larouche-Lebel et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease.
What differences in angiotensin peptide concentrations were foudnb etween dogs with CHF vs. dogs without?
CHF (all dogs receiving ACEis):
Increased maladaptive Ang(2-7), Ang(3-7)
Increased beneficial Ang(2-10), Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7)
No change in AT2, AT3(2-8)
Larouche-Lebel et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease.
What effect did incubation of plasma from dogs with CHF with human recombinant ACE2 have on angiotensin peptide concentrations?
Increased beneficial Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7), Ang(1-5)
Decreased AT1, AT2
Wright et al. JVIM 2019. Lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of orthodromic antrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in dogs.
What medication is indicated for chemical cardioversion of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in dogs? Success rate?
Lidocaine 2 mg/kg IV boluses up to 8 mg/kg
84% of dogs responded before developing adverse effects from lidocaine
Rusbridge et al. JVIM 2019. Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
What clinical signs were commonly associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in CKCS?
Altered emotional state, decreased jumping/stairs, decreased energy level, increased vocalization, spinal pain, touch aversion, sleep disturbances
Rusbridge et al. JVIM 2019. Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
What clinical signs were only observed in CKCS with a syrinx > 4mm
Phantom scratching, scoliosis, weakness, postural deficits
Harcourt-Brown et al. JVIM 2019. Electrodiagnostic findings in dogs with apparently painful LS foraminal stenosis.
What electrodiagnostic findings were associated with MRI-confirmed LS foraminal stenosis?
Increased F wave latency
Increased cord dorsum potential onset latency
Increased F ratio
Stafford et al. JVIM 2019. Presence of CSF antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis of humans in dogs with neurologic disease.
What percentage of dogs with neurologic disease had anti-neuronal autoantibodies present in CSF? Antibodies to what receptor?
9.4% of dogs had autoantibodies present to the NMDAR1 receptor
Harro et al. JVIM 2019. Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.
How did concentrations of copper and zinc from non-neoplastic liver tissue compare in dogs with HCC vs. w/o?
Dogs with HCC had higher copper and zinc concentrations in non-neoplastic liver tissue compared to dogs without HCC
Harro et al. JVIM 2019. Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.
How did trace mineral concentrations compare in HCC tissue vs. non-neoplastic liver tissue in dogs with HCC?
HCC tissue had decreases in all trace mineral concentrations vs. non-neoplastic tissue
Parachini-Winter et al. JVIM 2019. Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs: 20 cases.
Prognosis for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma that develop cutaneous or subcutaneous metastasis? How does chemo/surgery affect outcome?
Grave prognosis: MST 55 days
Outcome better with chemo+surgery (94 d) vs. chemo alone (64 d) or nothing (11 d)
Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.
What is the prevalence of Babesia spp. infection in dogs in North America?
- B. gibsoni*?
- B. vulpes?*
- B. vogeli?*
- B. canis?*
Overall babesia: 2.9%
B. gibsoni: 1.7%
B. vulpes: 0.51%
B. vogeli: 0.31%
B. canis: 0.19%
Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.
What percentage of dogs with B. vulpes infections were coinfected with B. gibsoni?
60%
Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.
What percentage of dogs with B. vulpes were coinfected with non-babesia infections? What co-infections were common? What co-exposures
79% of dogs co-infected with non-babesia infections
Common co-infections: D. immitus, Wolbachia, hemotropic Mycoplasmas
Common co-exposures: Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia
Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.
What treatment(s) were effective in dogs infected with B. vulpes?
Atovaquone + azithromycin
Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.
What clinicopathologic abnormalities were associated with B. vulpes infection?
Regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria (azotemia uncommon), hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.
What routes of transmission are possible for canine babesiosis?
Vector-borne (Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus ticks)
Dog bite
Blood transfusion
+/- transplacental
Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point of care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats.
What was the sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of the CrAg lateral flow assay for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in dogs and cats?
Sensitivity: 92%
Specificity: 93%
PPV: 83%
Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point of care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats.
What was the sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of the CryptoPS lateral flow assay for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in dogs and cats?
Sensitivity: 80%
Specificity: 95%
PPV: 73%
Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point of care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats.
What fungal organism has apparent cross-reactivity with the cryptococcosis POC assays CrAg and CryptoPS?
Coccidiodes
Most common fungal disease of the domestic cat?
Cryptococcus
Mehrkens et al. JVIM 2016. Clinicopathologic and histopathologic renal abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis.
What percentage of dogs with coccidioidomycosis were found to have 3+ or 4+ protein (clinically relevant proteinuria) on urine dipstick?
63%
Mehrkens et al. JVIM 2016. Clinicopathologic and histopathologic renal abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis.
What percentage of dogs with coccidioidomycosis with renal histopathology available had lesions consistent with ICGN on light microscopy?
54%
Summers et al. JVIM 2019. The fecal microbiome and serum concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate in cats with CKD.
What differences in the fecal microbiome were identified in cats with CKD compared to healthy controls?
CKD cats had decreased bacterial diversity and richness
Rosenthal, Labato. JVIM 2019. Use of therapeutic plasma exchange to treat nonsteroidal anti-inflamamtory drug overdose in dogs.
In dogs with NSAID ingestion treated with TPE, what percent were successfully discharged from the hospital?
What percentage developed AKI prior to hospital discharge?
Complication rate?
What factors were associated with AKI development?
100% discharged
27% developed AKI
54% complication rate
Higher initial NSAID dose associated with higher max creatinine & change in creatinine from baseline
Segev et al. JVIM 2019. Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration.
What effects did IV mannitol as a bolus vs. CRI have on GFR, UOP, fractional excretion of electrolytes compared to D5W in healthy dogs?
No effect on GFR, no effect on UOP vs. D5W
< 1 hr increase in FeNa, FeBUN after both bolus and CRI
No effect on FeK, FePhos
Segev et al. JVIM 2019. Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration.
What effect did CRI vs. bolus administration of mannitol have on mannitol plasma concentrations and fractional excretion of solutes?
CRI could not maintain higher plasma mannitol
No increased effect on fractional excretion of solutes vs. bolus
Pelander et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of the diagnostic value of SDMA, cystatin C, and creatinine for detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate in dogs.
Using a creatinine cutoff of 1.3 mg/dl, what were the sensitivities and specificities of SDMA and creatinine for decreased GFR in dogs?
How did cystatin C (cutoff 0.49 mg/L) compare?
Creat: sensitivity 90%, specificity 90%
SDMA: sensitivity 90%, specificity 87%
Cystatin C: sensitivity 90%, specificity 74%
Lamoureux et al. Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with CKD: a retrospective study of 201 cases.
What was the prevlance of bacteriuria (based on positive urine culture) in dogs with CKD?
What percentage of dogs with bacteriuria showed clinical signs of UTI?
32% of dogs with CKD had positive urine culture
8% showed clinical signs
Lamoureux et al. Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with CKD: a retrospective study of 201 cases.
What was the most common bacterial isolate cultured from the urine in dogs with CKD?
E. coli in 67% of cases
Lamoureux et al. Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with CKD: a retrospective study of 201 cases.
What risk factors for positive urine culture were found in dogs with CKD
Isosthenuria > 1.013-1.024
Being female
Kim et al. JVIM 2019. Urinary NGAL in dogs with stable or progressive CKD.
What was the ability of urinary NGAL to creatinine ratio to distinguish between dogs with pre-renal azotemia, stable CKD, progressive CKD, and AKI?
Could distinguish between progressive CKD and stable CKD with 80% sensitivity & 78% specificity
Couldn’t distinguish stable CKD from prerenal azotemia
Couldn’t distinguish progressive CKD from AKI
Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Risk factors for Candida urinary tract infection in dogs and cats.
What risk factors were identified for development of candida urinary tract infection in dogs? In cats?
What were NOT found to be risk factors?
Antimicrobials within 30 days (dogs & cats)
Immunosuppressive agents (dogs)
Other lower urinary tract disease (cats)
Diabetes mellitus, hospitalization history were NOT risk factors
Summers et al. JVIM 2019. The fecal microbiome and serum concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate in cats with CKD.
What differences in indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate were identified between CKD cats and healthy controls?
IS was higher in CKD cats vs. non; NSD between cats with IRIS II vs. III & IV CKD
No difference in pCS b/w CKD and controls
Weise & Berent (probably). Endoscopic laser ablation for the treatment of orthotopic and ectopic ureteroceles in dogs: 13 cases.
What percentage of ureteroceles were associated with ectopic ureters? With stenotic/imperforate ureteral orifices?
What was the outcome after laser ablation?
71% associated with ectopic ureters
13/14 stenotic or imperforate ureteral orifices
8/9 had resolution of urinary incontinence, 3/3 had resolution of pollakiuria
Follow up imaging –> ureterocele resolution & improvement in hydronephrosis/hydroureter in all dogs
Thompson et al. JVIM 2019. Intra-arterial renal infusion of autologous mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of CKD in cats: Phase I clinical trial.
Is intra-arterial, fluoroscopic guided infusion of adipose-derived autologous mesenchymal stem cells feasible and safe in cats with IRIS III CKD?
Yes
Reinero et al. Perspectives in vet med: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats.
What is the proposed classification scheme for feline bronchiolar diseases?
Primary disorders of just the bronchioles
- constrictive/obliterative bronchiolitis
- mineral dust airway disease
- infectious bronchiolitis (fungal, mycobacteriosis, influenza, herpes, Mycoplasma)
Secondary
- Extension from large airways
- Asthma
- Chronic bronchitis
- Parasitic bronchitis
- Bronchiectasis
- Extension from interstitial lung disease
- Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
- Bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia/airway-centered interstitial fibrosis
Reinero et al. Perspectives in vet med: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats.
What are defined as “direct signs” and “indirect signs” of bronchiolar disease on high-resolution thoracic CT in cats?
Direct signs: changes that allow you to actually see the bronchioles themselves
- Tree in bud, peribronchiolar ground glass opacity, dilatation
Indirect signs: changes in the surrounding parenchyma distal to diseased bronchiole
- Mosaic attenuation, mosaic perfusion (constrictive bronchiolitis w/ fibrosis of the bronchiolar wall)
Contreras et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes for non-specific mucosal immunoprotection from feline herpesvirus-1 infection.
What was the effect of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes administered nasally & oropharyngeally to kittens prior to FHV-1 inoculation on clinical signs? DNA shedding?
Decreased conjunctivitis throughout study period
Increased respiratory scores (mainly from nasal discharge) days 15-28
Decreased DNA shedding with time
Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006-2016).
What was the prevalence and proposed pathogenesis of BAL lymphocytosis in dogs undergoing bronchoscopy
BAL lymphocytosis in 20% of dogs
Likely a nonspecific response to airway injury from multiple etiologies
May be associated with airway collapse
Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006-2016).
What are normal BAL fluid cytology cell percentages in dogs?
Macrophages: 80%
Lymphocytes: 7%
Eosinophils: 6%
Neutrophils: 5%
Basos, epi cells: 1%
JVIM 2019. Evaluation of angiopoietin 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy dogs and dogs with SIRS/sepsis.
What differences were identified in plasma levels of ang-2 and VEGF in healthy dogs vs. dogs with sepsis and SIRS?
Survivors vs. nonsurvivors?
Ang-2 higher in dogs with sepsis and SIRS than healthy dogs, higher in non-survivors
VEGF higher in dogs with sepsis than dogs with SIRS & healthy dogs, higher in non-survivors
JVIM 2019. Evaluation of angiopoietin 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy dogs and dogs with SIRS/sepsis.
Between plasma angiopoietin 2 and VEGF, which had a better ability to predict outcome in dogs with sepsis and SIRS?
Ang-2 sensitivity 50%, specificity 87% for distinguishing survivors from non-survivors
VEGF could not distinguish
Heilmann et al. JVIM 2019. Association of serum calprotectin (S100A8/A9) concentrations and idiopathic hyperlipidemia in Mini Schnauzers.
In hyperlipidemic Mini Schnauzers, what was the association of calprotectin with lipid levels? How did lipid levels and calprotectin change with a switch to an ultra-low-fat diet?
Calprotectin was higher in Mini Schnauzers with high triglycerides or combined hyperlipidemia vs. hypercholesterolemia alone
Presence & severity of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia decreased with switch to ultra-low-fat diet w/in 14-26 weeks
Calprotectin did not change with switch to ultra-low-fat diet
Bae et al. Therapeutic monitoring of rivaroxaban in dogs using thromboelastography and prothrombin time.
What changes in TEG parameters and prothrombin time indicate therapeutic serum anti-Xa concentrations of rivaroxaban in dogs?
- 5-1.9x delay in prothrombin time
- 5-1.9x delay in R-value on TEG
Murakami et al. Ultrasonographic features of presumed gastric wall edema in 14 dogs with pancreatitis.
Describe the ultrasonographic features of gastric wall edema in dogs with pancreatitis?
Focal thickening (med 9.9 mm) adjacent to pancreas
Thickening in submucosa –> hyperechoic or lacy appearance
Fabres et al. JVIM 2019. Development and validation of a novel clinical scoring system for short-term prediction of death in dogs with acute pancreatitis.
What risk factors for death within 30 days of hospital admission were identified in dogs with pancreatitis?
What was the death rate within that time frame?
SIRS, coagulopathy, increased creatinine, ionized hypocalcemia
33% death rate in 30 days
Seiber-Ruckstuhl et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of a low-dose desoxycorticosterone pivalate treatment protocol for long-term management of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism.
What dose of DOCP was sufficient to maintain normal electrolyte concentrations in the majority of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism?
What factors were associated with a higher DOCP dose requirement?
1.5 mg/kg maintained dosing interval 28-30d
Dogs < 3y of age needed higher doses
Covey et al. JVIM 2019. Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats.
When performed by a primary care physician, what were the percentages of cats that were hypothyroid, euthyroid, or persistently hyperthyroid within 6 months after bilateral thyroidectomy?
22% hyperthyroid
29% euthyroid
49% hypothyroid
Covey et al. JVIM 2019. Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats.
In cats that were euthyroid or hypothyroid within 6 months of bilateral thyroidectomy, what percentage of cats remained hypothyroid with long-term follow up? What percentage became recurrently hyperthyroid?
17% remained hypothyroid long-term
44% developed recurrent hyperthyroidism
Covey et al. JVIM 2019. Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats.
What was the relationship between SDMA and sCr in cats with hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroid cats had higher SDMA relative to creatinine
Buresova et al. JVIM 2019. Assessment of SDMA as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine.
What was the relationship of SDMA to sCr and GFR (estimated via exogenous creatinine clearance) in cats pre- and post I-131 therapy?
SDMA not correlated to GFR
sCr had significant, moderate, negative correlation with GFR both pre and post treatment
Buresova et al. JVIM 2019. Assessment of SDMA as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine.
What was the significance of a high SDMA in nonazotemic hyperthyroid cats that received I-131 therapy
4/6 cats with high pre-treatment SDMA had normalization of SDMA post-treatment
High pre-treatment SDMA did not predict development of azotemia post I-131
Liao et al. The association of indoxyl sulfate with fibroblast growth factor 23 in cats with CKD.
What was the sensitivity and specificity of plasma indoxyl sulfate for distinguishing progressive from stable CKD in cats?
What correlations between IS, FGF-23, and phosphate were identified?
93% sensitive, 77% specific
Faster progression of CKD in cats with high FGF-23 and high IS
FGF-23 and IS both correlated positively with serum phosphate; IS correlation was greater than FGF-23
Breheny et al. JVIM 2019. Esophageal feeding tube placement and associated complications in 248 cats.
How does the overall complication rate and infection rate in this study compare to the subsequent study by Nathanson et al?
Infection rate in this study 12%; subsequent study 18%
Overall complication rate 36% in this study, 46% in subsequent study
Breheny et al. JVIM 2019. Esophageal feeding tube placement and associated complications in 248 cats.
What factors increased the odds of E-tube stoma site infection in this study?
How does this compare to risk factors identified in the Nathanson et al study?
Risk factors: administration of glucocorticoids or chemo drugs, stoma site discharge
Nathanson study did not identify any risk factors for complications or infection
Breheny et al. JVIM 2019. Esophageal feeding tube placement and associated complications in 248 cats.
What factors increased the risk of death in cats receiving E-tubes?
Lower body weight
Comorbid conditions of multiple types (neoplasia, respiratory disease, pancreatic disease, infectious disease, urogenital disease)
Bottero et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of two differently sized endoscopic biopsy forceps in the evaluation of intestinal disease in cats.
What was the effect of the use of small (1.8 mm) vs. large (2.4 mm) cup biopsy forceps on the percentage of “adequate” biopsy specimens obtained during upper GI endoscopy in cats?
Lg forceps –> higher percentage of adequate specimens & more likely to provide the correct diagnosis if there was disagreement
Substanital agreement between large and small forceps for lymphoma but not for IBD
Guard et al. JVIM 2019. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy.
What are the major primary and secondary fecal bile acids in dogs?
What amino acids are conjugated to bile acids for excretion?
Primary: cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid
Secondary: deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid
AAs: taurine, glycine
Guard et al. JVIM 2019. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy.
How did primary and secondary fecal bile acids compare in dogs with steroid-responsive CIE vs. controls?
How did treatment change primary and secondary fecal bile acid concentrations?
CIE dogs had decreased secondary fecal bile acids vs. controls (29% vs. 88%)
2-3 months of treatment increased secondary fecal bile acids to 94% in CIE dogs
Guard et al. JVIM 2019. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy.
How did the “dysbiosis index” compare between CIE dogs and controls?
How did treatment change the dysbiosis index in CIE dogs?
What specific microbiome changes were seen in CIE dogs vs. controls?
Higher dysbiosis index in CIE dogs (2.5) vs. controls (-4.5)
Treatment did not significantly change dysbiosis index in CIE dogs
Lower Firmicutes (Faecalibacterium), higher Streptococcus in CIE digs
Lower Fusobacteriumin CIE dogs
Lower Clostridium hiranonis (known BA converter) in CIE dogs
Marsilio et al. JVIM 2019. Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats.
What percentage of apparently healthy cats were diagnosed with small cell lymphoma based on IHC, PARR, and histopathology of endoscopic biopsy samples from the stomach & duodenum? LP enteritis? Most common histopath finding?
60% diagnosed with small cell lymphoma (15% went on to develop CE signs)
30% diagnosed with LP enteritis (16% went on to develop CE signs)
Fibrosis most common finding
Nisa et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of duodenal perfusion by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and intestinal lymphoma.
What was the clinical utility of contrast enhanced duodenal ultrasonography in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and intestinal lymphoma?
Peak intensity and area under the curve were higher in symptomatic CIE dogs vs. controls; correlated with clinical score
AUC higher in symptomatic CIE vs. dogs in remission (PI was not different in remission vs. clinical)
Did not distinguish dogs with intestinal lymphoma from CIE or control dogs
Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.
What four amino acid were decreased in dogs with IBD vs. controls?
Proline, methionine, tryptophan, serine
Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.
What amino acids correlated with CRP, CCECAI scores, and WSAVA overall scores?
Serine had moderate negative correlation with CCECAI score
No AA correlated with CRP, WSAVA scores
Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.
What changes in fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathy vs. healthy controls?
Why are SCFAs important in CE?
CE dogs had decreased acetate and prioprionate vs. controls; no change in butyrate
SCFAs can decrease with intestinal dysbiosis (product of bacterial fiber fermentation)
SCFAs can be anti-inflammatory (promote secretion of IL-10 & TGFB; decrease secretion of IL-8, IL6, TNFa
Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.
What changes in the fecal microbiome were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathy vs. healthy controls?
Decreased bacterial diversity, richness (Chao1) and evenness (Shannon)
Increased dysbiosis index
Increased Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Strep, pathogenic E. coli in CE
Decreased Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter, Blautia (Firmicutes phylum)
JVIM 2019. Association of chronic enteropathy activity index, BUN, and risk of death in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy.
What factors were associated with a higher risk of death in PLE dogs?
Increased CCEAI scores (> 8)
Increased BUN (> 7)
Dogs with CCEAI scores < 8 survived 256 days longer
Dogs with BUN < 7 survived 279 days longer
Saleh et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats.
What reference test should be used for the detection of Giardia infections in dogs and cats?
Direct immunofluorescent assay for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum fecal cysts
Saleh et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats.
What recommendation was made for use of commercially-available assays for G duodenalis fecal antigen?
All have good specificities
Recommended combining ZnSO4 fecal flotation in parallel (either positive = positive) for increased sensitivity (>95%) for all assays
Eivers et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies.
What percentage of dogs with esophageal dysmotility were brachycephalic breeds? What esophageal abnormalities were associated with brachycephaly?
77% of dogs with esophageal dysmotility were brachycephalic
Hiatal hernia, GERD, prolonged esophageal transit time
Eivers et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies.
What percentage of dogs with BOAS and esophageal dysmotility improved with airway corrective surgery vs. medical management?
88% improved with surgery vs. 47% with medical management
Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Mechanical dilation, botulinum toxin A injection, and surgical myotomy with fundoplication for treatment of lower esophageal achalasia-like syndrome in dogs.
What was the effect of dilation and botulinum toxin injection into the LES for dogs with megaesophagus secondary to LES-AS on clinical signs and physical exam parameters?
Clinical improvement in all dogs
Reduction in regurgitation frequency of 80%
Median BCS improved from 3 to 5
BW increased by 20%
Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Mechanical dilation, botulinum toxin A injection, and surgical myotomy with fundoplication for treatment of lower esophageal achalasia-like syndrome in dogs.
What was the effect of dilation and botulinum toxin injection into the LES for dogs with megaesophagus secondary to LES-AS on esophageal dilation and dysmotility?
ME and dysmotility persisted in all dogs despite clinical improvement
Golly et al. JVIM 2019. The frequency of oral famotidine administration influences its effect on gastric pH in cats over time.
What was the effect of q12 administration of therapeutic doses of famotidine to cats daily vs. every other day on intragastric pH? Serum gastrin levels?
Was rebound hyperacidity noted
Daily administration led to decreasing efficacy (decreased intragastric pH and decreased mean percentage time pH was above 3 and 4) with time
EOD administration did not result in changes in efficacy with time
No effect was seen on serum gastrin levels in the daily or EOD groups
Rebound hyperacidity was not noted in either group
Golly et al. JVIM 2019. The frequency of oral famotidine administration influences its effect on gastric pH in cats over time.
What was the range of mean percentage time that intragastric pH was greater than 3 in cats with EOD famotidine administration?
40-50% on “on days”
Much lower on “off days”
Seo et al. JVIM 2019. PK and PD of intravenous esomeprazole at two different dosages in dogs.
What was the mean percentage time that intragastric pH was above 3 and above 4 for esomeprazole IV at 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg q12h x 48 h in dogs?
pH at or above 3: 88% for 5 mg/kg; 90% for 1 mg/kg
pH at or above 4: 81% for 0.5 mg/kg; 85% for 1 mg/kg
NSD between dosage groups
Nixon et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of an orally-administered anti-diarrheal probiotic paste (Pro-Kolin Advanced) in dogs with acute diarrhea: a randomized, placeb-controlled, double-blinded clinical study.
What was the effect on duration and need for additional medications?
Significantly shorter diarrhea duration (32 vs. 47 h)
Lower % needed additional medications for diarrhea management (3.5% vs. 15%)
Langlois et al. JVIM 2019. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment of copper-associated hepatopathy in dogs.
What was the effect of TTM on hepatic copper concentrations in dogs with CAH after 6 weeks? from 6 to 12 weeks?
Effect on histopathology scores?
TTM decreased hepatic copper concentrations (med 1606 to 1033) in the first 6 weeks of therapy
NSD between week 6 and week 12 of therapy (1033 to 931)
Langlois et al. JVIM 2019. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment of copper-associated hepatopathy in dogs.
What was the effect of PO TTM on ALT over 12 weeks?
Pseudofunction parameters?
Histopathology scores?
5/10 dogs had decreases in ALT over 1st 6 wks, but overall ALT change was not significant
All pseudofunction parameters were normal at baseline and remained normal over 12 weeks
NSD in rhodanine copper staining, fibrosis or necroinflammatory scores
Lawrence et al. JVIM 2019. Untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum from dogs with chronic hepatic disease.
What metabolomic differences were identified between dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt vs. healthy controls, & why are they clinically significant?
CPSS dogs had decreased branched-chain to aromatic amino acid ratios
Aromatic: tyrosin, phenylalanine
Branched-chain: leucine, isoleucine, valine
Clinical significance: lower BCAA/AAA ratio means lower ability to detoxify ammonia, lower hepatic albumin synthesis
van Straten et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of orally administered sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbuyrate in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts.
What was the effect of oral administration for 5 days of Na benzoate and Na phenylbutyrate to dogs with CPSS vs. placebo on serum ammonia? Clinical signs?
No effect on serum ammonia concentrations
No improvement in clinical signs
Vomiting, anorexia, lethargy observed in treated dogs
Glaus et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: results of a prospective European clinical trial.
What was the effect of telmisartan 2 mg/kg PO SID on hypertensive cats after 28 days? After 120 days?
Mean 25 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure at day 28; maintained for 120 days
52% of cats had SBP < 150 mmHg at 28 days; 60% at 120 days
Glaus et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: results of a prospective European clinical trial.
How did response to telmisartan 2 mg/kg PO SID differ between cats with moderate (160-180) vs. severe (180-200) hypertension?
NSD in mean group reduction in SBP between moderate & severe hypertensive cats
Coleman et al. JVIM 2019. Safety and efficacy of orally-administered telmisartan for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats: results of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.
What was the effect of administration of 1.5 mg/kg PO BID x 14 days, then 2 mg/kg PO SID telmisartan on SBP in hypertensive cats at day 28? After 6 months?
Mean decrease of 23 mmHg in treated cats at day 28; maintained over 6 months
53% responders at day 28 (SBP < 150 or 15% decrease from baseline); 63% at 6 months
Yata et al. JVIM 2019. Cardiorenal and endocrine effects of synthetic canine brain natriuretic peptide 1-32 in dogs with compensated congestive heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease.
Effect of single dose of BNP1-32 in dogs with CHF from MMVD on fractional excretion of sodium? Fractional excretion of potassium? Aldosterone secretion? UOP? SBP?
No effect on any evaluated variable
Wesselowski et al. JVIM 2019. Anatomy, baseline characteristics, and procedural outcome of PDA in GSDs.
What were common clinical findings in GSDs with PDA? Most common PDA type? Outcome?
Clinical findings: most were mature (med 12 months), most were clinical, arrhythmias, concurrent congenital heart disease were common
Type II PDA most common
All dogs had successful closure via duct occluder or surgical ligation
Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.
Staging system for dogs with MMVD?
Stage A: at risk dogs (CKCS, Mini Dachshunds, Mini & Toy Poodles)
Stage B1: structural heart disease without clinical signs, evidence of significant cardiac remodeling or failure
Stage B2: structural heart disease with cardiac remodeling (LA, LV enlargement), without clinical signs or failure
Stage C: congestive heart failure (current or past signs)
Stage D: refractory failure
Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.
What findings classify a dog as stage B2
LA:Ao > 1.6, LVID in diastole > 1.7
VHS > 10.5 (breed normalized) or 11.5 (absolute)
Murmur > 3/6
Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.
Recommended treatments for stage B2?
Pimobendan 0.25 mg/kg PO q12h
+/- ACEi
Diet: mild sodium restriction w/ adequate protein & calories to maintain MCS
Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.
Recommendations for A fib + MMVD?
Digoxin + diltiazem for rate control
Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.
Findings that classify a dog as stage D? Treatment additions above those for stage C?
Persistent clinical signs despite daily furosemide > 8 mg/kg, pimobendan, ACEi, spironolactone
Can increase to TID pimobendan, add hydrocholorothiazide, switch to 5-10% dose of torsemide
Add sildenafil if pulmonary hypertension
Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.
Recommendations for stage C?
Furosemide up to 8 mg/kg/d, ACEi, spironolactone, continue pimo
Beta blockers not recommended for CHF
Chetboul et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, epidemiological, and echocardiographic features and prognostic indicators in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001-2015).
MST of cats with myocardial restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Factors associated with survival?
MST 667 days
Increasing LA:Ao, severe LA enlargement associated with shorter time to cardiac death
Spalla et al. JVIM 2019. Speckle tracking echocardiography in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
How did cats with preclinical HCM differ from controls in deformation of the heart?
Smaller longitudinal and radial strain rates
NSD in circumferential strain rates
Mattin et al. JVIM 2019. Prognostic factors in dogs with presumed degenerative mitral valve disease attending primary care veterinary practices in the UK.
What prognostic factors were associated with a higher risk of cardiac death in dogs with presumed MMVD presenting to primary care practices in the UK?
- Potent diuretic use (furo/torsemide, hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride)
- Higher NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin I
- Higher heart rate
- Exercise intolerance
Mattin et al. JVIM 2019. Factors associated with disease progression in dogs with presumed preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease attending primary care veterinary practices in the UK.
What factors were associated with clinical progression of presumed preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease to a negative outcomes (requirement of a potent diuretic, cardiac death) in dogs presented to primary care vets in the UK?
- Higher NT-proBNP, heart rates, heart murmur intensity
- Cough
- Being a CKCS
- Being prescribed pimobendan
Serum levetiracetam concentrations after transdermal levetiracetam administration, 3 times daily, to healthy cats. Smith et al. JVIM 2019.
Did it work? Serum concentrations? Adverse events? Formulation stability?
- Maintained serum concentrations 15-17 ug/mL (therapeutic > 5)
- Adverse events: pinna crusting and sedation
- Formulation was stable for at least 5 weeks
Focal epilepsy with fear-related behavior as the primary presentation in Boerboel dogs. Stassen et al. JVIM 2019.
What are the major signs associated with focal epilepsy with fear related behavior in Boerboel dogs? Histopath changes in the brain? Mode of inheritance?
- Signs: howling, trembling, fearful expression, autonomic and motor signs (3 mo onset)
- Histopath: vacuolated neurons in deeper cortical regions
- Mode of inheritance: likely autosomal recessive
Seizure precipitating factors in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. JVIM 2019.
What were factors that significantly precipitated seizures in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy?
Stressful situations, sleep deprivation, weather, hormonal factors
Intracranial pressure monitoring in normal dogs using subdural and intraparenchymal miniature strain-gauge transducers. Struges et al. JVIM 2019
What was the success of using an intracranial miniature subdural and intraparenchymal strain-gauge transducer in healthy dogs?
- Pathological sequelae worse after intraparenchymal placement
- Significant variation with normal behaviors, physiologic maneuvers, esp head movement
Morphometric analysis of spinal cord termination in CKCS. Sparks et al. JVIM 2019.
What pathologic condition should be investigated for its association with thoracolumbar syringomyelia in CKCS?
- Spinal cord tethering à cord terminated more caudally in CKCS than controls
Time course and prognostic value of serum GFAP, pNFH, and S100β concentrations in dogs with complete spinal cord injury because of intervertebral disc extrusion. Olby et al. jvim 2019
What serum biomarker was able to predict outcome in dogs with clinically complete spinal cord injury with 77-89% accuracy depending on sample timing?
- Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
Clinical findings and outcome of dogs with unilateral masticatory muscle atrophy. Milodowski et al.
What were the most common underlying causes of unilateral masticatory muscle atrophy in dogs? Factors affecting outcome?
- Presumptive trigeminal nerve sheath tumor most common
- No obvious abnormality > other extra-axial mass lesions
- Mass lesions were associated with likelihood of additional neuro signs & deterioration
Prevalence of congenital sensorineural deafness in a population of client-owned purebred kittens in the UK. Mari et al. JVIM 2019
What risk factors exist for congenital sensorineural deafness in purebred cats?
- Solid white coat (prevalence 30%)
- Blue irises – 1 blue iris 44%; both blue 50%
- Turkish Van, Maine Coon, Norwegian Forest cat breeds
Open-label clinical trial of rectally administered levetiracetam as supplemental treatment in dogs with cluster seizures. Cagnotti et al. jivm 2019
- What effect did ventriculoperitoneal shunting have on clinical signs in dogs with internal hydrocephalus?
- Resolution of 1 or more clinical signs, regardless of age or duration of signs
- Resolution of ataxia and obtundation
Short- and long-term outcome and magnetic resonance imaging findings after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula in 25 Pugs. Alisauskaite et al. JVIM 2019.
- What is the short vs. long-term prognosis for Pugs undergoing surgical correction of thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula?
- Short term improvement in 80% of dogs
- Long-term deterioration in 86% due to regrowth or new diverticula or syringomyelia
Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Lau et al. jvim 2019
- In a recent retrospective study of SRMA in dogs, what were the five most represented breeds?
- Golden retrievers, Bernese Mtn dogs, Wirehaired pointing griffons, Boxers, and Beagles
Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Lau et al. JVIM 2019
- In a recent retrospective study of SRMA in dogs, what percentage had at least one relapse? What factors were associated with relapse?
- 48%
- CSF TNCC; NOT TREATMENT PROTOCOL
Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Lau et al. jvim 2019
What was the effect of higher doses of corticosteroids on outcome in dogs with SRMA
- Higher CS doses associated with worse quality of life and adverse effects with no improvement in outcome
Vitamin D metabolism in dogs with and without hypercalciuric calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Groth et al. JVIM 2019.
What differences in vitamin D metabolites were identified in dogs that had formed CaOx uroliths vs. those that had not?
CaOx formers had lower 24,25(OH)D to 25(OH)D ratio
May have an issue deactivating vitamin D precursors?
Daily oral cobalamin supplementation in Beagles with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption (imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome) maintains normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status. Kook, Hersberger. JVIM 2019
What medication was found to maintain normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status in dgos with Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome?
Do serum cobalamin concentrations normalize with supplementation?
1 mg oral cyanocobalamin daily
Serum cobalamin doesn’t improve but clinical signs do; may indicate that there’s enough cobalamin intracellularly to do the job
Must be passive transport of cyanocobalamin across the GI wall
Daily oral cobalamin supplementation in Beagles with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption (imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome) maintains normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status. Kook, Hersberger. JVIM 2019
What biologic processes are metabolites of cobalamin essential for that relate to measurement of cobalamin status in dogs?
Cobalamin is a cofactor for enzymes that convert methylmalonyl-COA to succinyl-COA and remethylate homocysteine
Cobalamin deficiency leads to buildup of methylmalomic acid, homocysteine
What is Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome?
Affected breeds?
Genetic mutation?
Mode of inheritance?
Congenital inability to absorb cobalamin from the GI tract
Beagles, Border Collies, Australian Shepherd, Giant Schnauzers
Mutation in cubulin or amnionless portions of the cubam cobalamin transporter in the ileum (can test for CUBN mutation)
Autosomal recessive
Interleukin-13 and interleukin-33 mRNA are underexpressed in the duodenal mucosa of German Shepherd dogs with chronic enteropathy. Kathrani et al. JVIM 2019.
What differences in mRNA expression in the duodenal mucosa were found between GSDs with CE vs. non-GSDs with CE and healthy controls?
Decreased mRNA for IL-33, IL-13 Th2 related cytokines
Non-GSDs had increased IL-13 vs. healthy controls
Lymphatic endothelial cell immunohistochemical markers for evaluation of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Wennogle et al. JVIM 2019.
What differences in GI lymphatics were identified between dogs with CIE and PLE vs. dogs with CIE w/o PLE when evaluated with lymphatic IHC markers?
Moderate negative correlation between serum albumin and ileal villous (-0.46) and proprial (-0.65) lacteal width
PLE dogs ahd wider duodenal proprial and ileal villous and proprial lacteal width vs. dogs without PLE
Lymphatic endothelial cell immunohistochemical markers for evaluation of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Wennogle et al. JVIM 2019.
How did IHC evaluation of GI lymphatics compare to H&E staining?
IHC identified lymphangiectasia in some dogs that H&E staining missed
H&E lacteal dilation scores correlated weakly w/ ileal and duodenal villous lacteal width, but not with proprial lacteal width
Plasma free amino acid profiles in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma. Leela-arporn et al. JVIM 2019
- What differences were identified in plasma free amino acid profiles in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma vs. healthy controls and dogs with benign liver diseases?
- Glutamic acid higher in dogs with liver disease and HCC compared to controls
- No difference in amino acid profiles between dogs with HCC and benign liver disease
- No difference in amino acid profiles pre- and post-resection in dogs with HCC
Evaluation of hepatic tumor portal perfusion using mesenteric angiography: A pilot study in 5 dogs. Goode et al. jvim 2019
- What vessel supplies the majority of the blood flow to hepatic tumors when assessed via mesenteric angiography?
- Hepatic artery > portal vein
Evaluation of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a biomarker for treatment effectiveness and prediction of relapse in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. JVM 2019
- What was the sensitivity and specificity of serum thymidine kinase 1 > 119.5 Du/L for detection of incomplete response in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
- Sensitivity 76%; specificity 100%
Evaluation of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a biomarker for treatment effectiveness and prediction of relapse in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. JVM 2019
- What was the sensitivity and specificity of serum thymidine kinase 5x increase at detecting relapse in dogs with complete remission of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
- Sensitivity 50%; specificity 94%
Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement: Benchmarking performance of a lymphoid clonality assay in diverse canine sample types. Ehrhart et al. JVIM 2019
- What was the sensitivity and specificity of a benchmarked PARR protocol for detection of lymphoma vs. non in canine formalin-fixed tissue? FNA?
- 92% sensitive and specific for formalin fixed tissue
- 100% sensitive and specific for FNA
Sonography and sonoelastography in the detection of malignancy in superficial lymph nodes of dogs. Belotta et al. JVIM 2019
- What changes in ultrasonographic size, Doppler vascularity, and sonoelastographic resistivity & pulsatility indices and elasticitiy scores were identified in malignant vs. benign peripheral lymph nodes?
- Size: longer long axis, short axis, long-to-short axis ratio
- Doppler: mixed vascular distribution more likely in malignant
- Sonoelastography: higher resistivity & pulsatility indices, elasticity score
Glutatione S-transferase theta genotypes and environmental exposures in the risk of canine transitional cell carcinoma. Luethcke et al. JVIM 2019
- What environmental exposures were positively and negatively associated with TCC?
- Positive: household insecticide use
- Negative: proximity to a farm
Glutatione S-transferase theta genotypes and environmental exposures in the risk of canine transitional cell carcinoma. Luethcke et al. JVIM 2019
- What effect does genetic variation in the glutathione S transferase-theta gene have on TCC development in Scottish Terriers? In non-Scottish terriers with TCC?
- Genetic variants in GST-theta underrepresented in Scottish Terriers
- No difference in GST-theta variants in dogs with TCC vs. unaffected
Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers. Labadie et al. JVIM 2019.
- What percentage of lymphomas in older dogs are T-zone lymphomas? How does T-zone lymphoma typically behave?
- 12%
- Typically indolent
Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers. Labadie et al. JVIM 2019.
- What conditions were associated with both T-zone lymphoma development and the presence of “T-zone like cells of unknown significance” in Golden Retrievers?
- Urinary tract infection and cystic calculi
- Eye disease
Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers. Labadie et al. JVIM 2019.
- What conditions/meds were significantly associated with T-zone lymphoma development in dogs?
- Hypothyroidism (decreased risk)
- Mange (increased risk)
- Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (decreased risk)
Incidence and risk factors associated with development of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin. Hallman et al. JVIM 2019
- What ECG & echo findings should raise concern for doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in dogs?
- VPCs, decreased fractional shortening
Incidence and risk factors associated with development of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin. Hallman et al. JVIM 2019
- What risk factors were identified for the development of cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin?
- Cumulative dose, higher body weight
- What medication worked synergistically with doxorubicin to potentiate apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro? How might it work?
- Amiloride (potassium sparing diuretic)
- Inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchangers (proton pumps) which can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment of OSA
Prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of hemangiosarcoma-associated skeletal muscle metastases in 61 dogs: A whole-body computed tomographic study. JVIM 2019
- What percentage of dogs with HSA undergoing whole-body CT scan had skeletal muscle metastases identified? What clinical signs were associated with skeletal muscle mets?
- 25%; never the only metastatic site
- Lameness or reluctance to move (60% of affected dogs)
Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital. Smith et al. JVIM 2019
What were the most commonly isolated bacteria from the dog and cat?
Dog: E. coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
Cat: E. coli, Enterococcus
Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital. Smith et al. JVIM 2019
What percentage of bacterial isolates were carbepenem resistant?
3%
Association of acute Babesia canis infection and serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations in dogs. Milanovic et al. JVIM 2019.
What changes in inflammatory markers, serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations were observed in dogs with B. canis infections compared to healthy controls?
B. canis dogs had markedly increased serum amyloid a
B. canis dogs had increased HDL diameter and ApoA
B. canis dogs had lower serum cholesterol, phospholipid, and HDL concentrations
Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas. Meyers et al. JVIM 2019.
What cardiac characteristics were more likely in T. cruzi infected than non-infected dogs in Texas?
ventricular arrhythmias or combined ECG abnormalities
cardiac troponin I > 0.129 ng/mL
A monoclonal antibody-based urine Hisotpalsma antigen enzyme immunoassay (IMMY) for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats. Rothenburg et al. JVIM 2019.
For the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats, a bedside urine antigen test (IMMY) is available. How does its diagnostic performance compare with the gold standard test, and what is the gold standard?
Gold standard - Mira Vista EIA urine antigen test –> 94% sensitive, 97% specific, 96% accurate
MV test outperformed IMMY regardless of cut point used
- IMMY EIA: 89% sensitive, 80% specific, 83% accurate with 0.25 ng/ml cutoff
- IMMY EIA: 77% sensitive, 97% specific, 89% accurate with 1.1 ng/ml cutoff
Activation of upper respiratory tract mucosal innate immune responses in cats by liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complexes delivered topically. Wheat et al. JVIM 2019
- What effect does the topical administration of liposome-TLR complexes (LTCs) have on innate immune regulation in healthy cats?
Rapid recruitement of monocytes to the nasal & oropharyngeal tissues in vivo
Recurrent bacterial pneumonia of Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies. Viitanen et al. JVIM 2019.
What was the median age of onset?
5 years
Recurrent bacterial pneumonia of Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies. Viitanen et al. JVIM 2019.
What predisposing factors were and were not identified
Common: focal bronchiectasis (10/11)
Less common: laryngeal paralysis (3 dogs), esophageal dysmotility (2 dogs)
Not identified in any dog: ciliary defects, local immunoglobulin deficiencies
Efficacy of Borrelia bergdorferi vaccine in dogs in North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vogt et al. JVIM 2019
What is the efficacy of Lyme vaccination in dogs?
Likely reduces clinical signs of lameness, anorexia, pyrexia, depression
Layer‐specific myocardial function in asymptomatic cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed using 2‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography. Suzuki et al. JVIM 2019.
- What was the main point?
- Speckle tracking looking separately at the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium identified strain differences between cats with preclinical HOCM which may indicate occult systolic dysfunction which was missed on conventional echo.
A pilot study investigating circulating trimethylamine N‐oxide and its precursors in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease with or without congestive heart failure. Karlin et al. JVIM 2019.
- What differences in plasma trimethylamine N-oxide and its precursors (choline, L-carnitine) were identified between dogs with MMVD and CHF vs. those without CHF and healthy controls?
- CHF MMVD dogs had increased TMAO, total L-carnitine, carnitine esters, and carnitine esters to free carnitine ratio vs. MMVD w/o CHF
- CHF MMVD dogs had increased TMAO (P = .02), choline (P = .01), total l‐carnitine (P = .01), carnitine esters (P = .02), free carnitine (P = .02), and E/F ratio (P = .009) vs. controls without MMVD
Evaluation of a high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay compared to a first‐generation cardiac troponin I assay in Doberman Pinschers with and without dilated cardiomyopathy. Kluser et al. JVIM 2019.
- How did the performance of the high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay compare with the conventional assay for the diagnosis of DCM in Doberman Pinschers?
- High sensitivity & conventional assays had similar test performances
- HS test was better at identifying Dobermans who were “normal” but would develop DCM within 1.5 years
Behavior in dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism during treatment with levothyroxine. Hrovat et al. JVIM 2019.
- What was the effect of 6 weeks of levothyroxine supplementation on behavior, serotonin, and prolactin levels in hypothyroid dogs?
- Dogs had increased activity; no difference in serum prolactin or serotonin levels
Concurrent pituitary and adrenocortical lesions on computed tomography imaging in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. Van Bokhorst et al. JVIM 2019.
- What percentage of dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism (HAC) had lesions on both the pituitary and adrenal glands? What percentage of dexamethasone resistant dogs?
- 5% of dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism
- 10% of non-suppressible dogs had concurrent pituitary and adrenocortical lesions
Association between life span and body condition in neutered client-owned dogs. Salt et al. JVIM 2019
- What was the effect of body condition on risk of death & lifespan in neutered dogs?
- Instantaneous death risk for overweight dogs higher than normal body condition dogs for all breeds
- Median life span was shorter in overweight dogs
- Yorkies most, GSDs least affected
Presence of Clostridium perfringens netE and netF toxin genes in the feces of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. Sindern et al. JVIM 2019.
- What was the prevalence of netE and netF toxin gene positivity in the feces of dogs with AHDS compared to dogs with parvo and healthy controls?
- AHDS: 48%; parvo: 0%; healthy: 12% (SD)
- Presence of C. perfringens was similar among groups; AHDS may be due to proliferation of netE and netF forming strains
Presence of Clostridium perfringens netE and netF toxin genes in the feces of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. Sindern et al. JVIM 2019.
- What differences in clinical course and labwork parameters were identified between dogs with AHDS who were positive for netE and netF genes in their feces vs. negative?
- No difference in duration of hospitalization or time to recovery
- No difference in any CBC or chemistry parameter
Relationshp between cobalamin and folate deficiencies and anemia in dogs. Stanely et al. JVIM 2019.
- What associations were identified between cobalamin and folate deficiency and anemia & abnormal RBC morphology in dogs?
- NSD in prevalence of anemia b/w dogs low & normal in folate, low & normal in cobalamin
- NSD in prevalence of nonregenerative anemia, macrocytosis, anisocytosis b/w hypo and normocobalaminemic dogs
Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Reinero et al. JVIM 2019.
Describe signalment, clinical presentation, imgaing findings, and outcome?
Signalment: older dogs (med age 11y); no breed or sex predisposition
History: acute respiratory distress (med < 3 days)
TXR: R cardiomegaly (L heart normal); patchy-diffuse interstitial-alveolar infiltrates
CT: pulmonary arterial enlargement; perivascular diffuse nodular ground glass opacity
Outcome: MST 3 days; 2/3 of dogs dead in one day
Pulmonary hypertension in all dogs tested
Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Reinero et al. JVIM 2019.
Describe the histopathologic findings in the lungs of dogs with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease? Pulmonary hemangiomatosis?
Veno-occlusive: occlusive remodeling of the small-med sized pulmonary veins
Hemangiomatosis: alveolar capillary proliferation and congestion
Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Reinero et al. JVIM 2019.
What are the five groups of causes of pulmonary hypertension
Group 1: pulmonary arterial diseases (veno-occlusive, hemangiomatosis)
Group 2: left heart diseases
Group 3: lung diseases/hypoxemia
Group 4: thromboembolism
Group 5: other/unclear mechanism
Influence of canine donor plasma hemostatic protein concentration on quality of cryoprecipitate. Drinkhouse et al. JVIM 2019.
- What donor factors influenced the potency of cryoprecipitate in dogs?
- Factor VIII, vWF, fibrinogen content
Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement. McCallum et al. JVIM 2019.
What type of inflammatory infiltrate was associated with chronic leptospiral hepatic infection in dogs? Were they symptomatic? Did infection resolve with doxycycline treatment?
- Granulomatous hepatitis (no renal involvement)
- 7/10 dogs symptomatic, med 1 week of clinical signs prior to presentation
- Infection failed to resolve in ¾ dogs
Association of circulating microRNA-122 and microRNA-29a with stage of fibrosis and progression of chronic hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers. Sakai et al. JVIM 2019.
- What circulating micro-RNAs were associated with grade of hepatitis and stage of fibrosis in Labrador Retrievers?
- miR-122 and miR-29a
Repeated cross‐sectional study of Trypanosoma cruzi in shelter dogs in Texas, in the context of Dirofilaria immitis and tick‐borne pathogen prevalence. Hodo et al. JVIM 2019.
- What was the prevalence of seropositivity and PCR positivity in shelter dogs in Texas? How did this compare to D. immitis Ag prevalence?
- 18.1% prevalence of seropositivity, 1.1% for PCR+ for T. cruzi in shelter dogs in Texas
- Higher than D. immitis Ag positivity prevalence (16%)
Risk factors for positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass and ureteral stents (2010-2016). Kopecny et al. JVIM 2019.
- What decreased risk of positive urine culture in cats with SUBs and ureteral stents? What factors were not shown to increase risk?
- Post-operative antibiotics lessened risk (OR 0.2)
- CKD, renal implant type, postop urinary catheterization did not increase UTI risk
Risk factors for positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass and ureteral stents (2010-2016). Kopecny et al. JVIM 2019.
- How many cats had positive urine cultures before hospital discharge after SUB placement? What percentage of cats developed positive urine cultures after hospital discharge? Were they clinical? What bacterial isolate(s) predominated?
- 25% had positive urine cultures before discharge
- 25% developed positive urine culture post-discharge (14/16 clinical for pyelo/LUTD)
- Enterococcus spp. predominated
Review: Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. Muir, W. JVIM 2017.
- What are the sodium, chloride, potassium, pH and SID of 0.9% NaCl, LRS, and NormR/Plyte-A?
How to interpret an iron panel?
