GI Literature Flashcards
In dogs with severe pancreatitis what is known about feeding early?
• 10 dogs with severe pancreatitis feed either via E -tube or TPN (pilot study) - standard tx (including plasma)
○ Early feeding via E-tube (proximal to pylorus) is well tolerated and has significantly less vomiting and regurg than the TPN group
§ TPN group has more complications (catheter related)
○ No difference in outcome
What is unique about chronic pancreatitis in English Cocker Spaniels?
• Chronic Pancreatitis in English Cocker Spaniel (8)
○ Mean age: 7.2 yrs (no difference in CS/presentation)
○ Cockers: Interlobular and periductual fibrosis/inflammation
§ Prominent AntiCd3+ lymphocytic infiltrates around venules and ducts, marked absence of interlobular ducts = Duct destruction!!!
○ Other Breeds: Intralobular dz
§ Mixed cell infiltration, ductular hyperplasia
What had the best overall performance when comparing Spec cPL, cPLI, amylase, and lipase?
Spec cPL ○ Spec cPL best overall performance (sen/spec) for diagnosing histopath pancreatitis
What s a method of obtaining FNA of pancreas?
• Ultrasound endoscopic FNA of pancreas (12/13 beagles) - Safe and feasible with 19G needle
○ Cellularity adequate 8/12 (transgastric and transduodenal)
○ All recovered within clinical or lab changes (48hrs)
In a population of dogs with clinical acute pancreatitis, what was found about SNAP and Spec cPL?
• 84 dogs (27 w/o acute pancreatitis; 57 with CS of acute pancreatitis) - Prospective, retrospectively groups (but blinded)
○ SNAP and Spec cPL = Higher sen/spec for diagnosing clinical AP than amylase/lipase
§ IF + = Good PPV in populations likely to have AP
§ IF - = Good NPV when low prevalence of dz
What was found in Mini Schanuzers in regards to SPINK1?
• High prevalence of SPINK1 (serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1) c.74A>C in Mini (0.77) and Standard Schnauzers (0.55)
○ Allele/genotype freq similar in Mini Schnauzer w/ and w.o hx pancreatitis = NOT an increased risk (Unable to confirm relationship btwn variant and clinical pancreatitis in Mini Schnauzers)
In 35 cats with pancreatitis, what is the sen and spec of AUS?
• 35 cats with CS of pancreatitis, AUS, and fPLI
○ Presence of thick left limb of pancreas, severely irregular pancreatic margins, hyperechocic peripancreatic fat (sen 68%) in cats with CS and elevated fPLI = Highly supportive of pancreatitis
§ Ultrasound Sen: 84% Spec: 75%
§ In cats with elevated fPLI
What is another lipase assay that can be considered in cats with pancreatitis instead of Spec fPL?
1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6’-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay
• 251 cats suspect to have pancreatitis, 31 cats with histopath ○ 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay (26U/l) § Sen: 48%, Spec: 63% ○ SpecfPL (>5.3ug/l) § Sen: 57%, Spec: 63%
Both lipase assays agreed, DGGR useful and cost-efficient method compared to Spec fPL
When using contrast enhanced ultrasound, what perfusion parameters can help you differentiate acute pancreatitis from a normal pancreas?
• 6 Beagle with cerulein-induced AP, Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (controls: saline)
○ Perfusion parameters: Peak intensity and AUC are useful for differentiating acute pancreatitis from a normal pancreas
Can a sedated CT scan be used to diagnosis pancreatitis in dogs?
Yes: • 10 dogs with pancreatitis 3-phase angiographic CT under sedation
○ Enlarged, homogenously to heterogeneously attenutating and contrast-enhancing pancreas with ill-defined borders (all dogs)
○ CT found more features of pancreatitis than US (thrombi 3/10)
○ 3 dogs with heterogeneous contrast enhancement had overall poorer outcome compared to others with homogenous
What is true about contrast enhanced US in natrually occuring pancreatitis in dogs?
• 23 dogs with natural pancreatitis (12 controls) - Contrast Enhanced US, perfusion parameters
○ Can detected changes in pancreatitis - Delayed peak with prolonged hyperechoic enhancement of pancreas
○ Duodenal perfusion changes secondary to pancreatitis (peak intensity and AUC) compared to controls
What is known about adipokines in acute pancreatitis in dogs?
• 25 dogs with pancreatitis (28 controls, same BCS) - Dysregulation of adipokines might be involved in pathogenesis of pancreatitis
○ Leptin, resistin, visfatin, IL-1B, IL-6, IL_10, IL-18 significantly HIGHER in dogs with AP compared to controls
○ Adiponectin significantly lower in AP compared to controls
Significant differences in leptin (higher) and adiponectin (lower) in nonsurvivors compared to survivors = Leptin and adiponectin are likely associated with mortality rate in AP
How is EPI inherited in GSD?
• Test mating (both has EPI) and long term follow-up (12yrs) in 6 GSD puppies
○ Only 2 puppies got pancreatic acinar atrophy
○ NOT congenital dz in GSD - NOT inherited in simple autosomal recessive fashion
What is concerning about the fecal elastase test for EPI in dogs?
• 26 decreased fecal elastase = 23% TLI within or above RR (false + elastase) = HIGH
○ Diagnosis of EPI must be confirmed by other means
False positives also had decreased serum cholecystokinin = Suggesting that decreased stimulation of exocrine pancreatic function by other causes may be resulting in this
What was found in cats with traumatic high rise syndrome?
• 34 cats with traumatic pancreatitis (high-rise syndrome)
○ Serum fPL >5.4ug/L within 12hrs after fall (decreased slowly 48, 72 hrs after fall)
○ Significant agreement btwn fPLI and AUS (if 3 => traumatic pancreatitic: pancreatic enlargement, hypoechoic or heteroechoic pancreatic parenchyma, hyperechoic mesentery, and peritoneal effusion)
In cats with pancreatitis, what factors are associated with a worse prognosis?
○ Dyspnea, hyperkalemia (>5.5) and serum fPLI (>20ug/l) were significant associated with adverse outcome in cats with pancreatitis
In cats with severe pancreatitis that underwent sx, what had the better prognosis?
• 10 cats with severe pancreatitis underwent sx (6 EHBO, 3 pancreatic abscess, 1 pancreatic necrosis)
○ 6/8 survived to d/c
○ Better prognosis with EHBO
What was found in SNAP cPL and Spec cPL in dogs that were presenting with an acute abdomen?
• 38 dogs presented for acute abdomen (later retrospectively acute pancreatitis vs w/o AP)
○ SNAP cPL and Spec cPL may provide “false positive” diagnosis of pancreatitis in up to 40% dogs with acute abdominal dz
○ Good overall agreement btwn SNAP cPL and Spec cPL = BUT 4/38 dogs + SNAP cPL had “normal” Spec cPL
In cats with pancreatitis how can iCa be used?
• 24 cats with pancreatitis (non-fatal vs fatal groups)
○ Hypocalcemia common with pancreatitis 58.3%
○ iCa may be used as prognosis risk factor for clinical course of dz = Poor prognosis if
What is associated with pancreatitis in Mini Schnauzers?
• Association btwn hyperlipdiemia (esp severe >862 mg/dl) and high cPLI in Mini Schnauzers
○ IF severe hyperlipidemia = 4.5X more likely to have serum cPLI consistent with pancreatitis (>200ug/l) than Mini Schnauzers with normal TG
○ 195 Min Schnauzers (normal vs elevated TG)
How has contract enhanced US been used in dogs with pancreatitic tumors?
4 dogs: Contrast -enhanced ultrasound was able to establish different enhancement patterns btwn exocrine (adenocarcinoma = hypoechoic, hypovascular lesions) and endocrine (insulinoma = uniform hypervascular lesion) tumors in dogs
With Spirocercosis in dogs what was noted on TEG?
• 39 dogs with Spriocerca hypercoagubility based on TEG (increased MA, alpha) and decreased antithrombin activity more severe with neoplastic transformation
○ C-reactive protein and Fibrinogen (acute phase proteins) correlated with MA and may be used as adjunctive test to support suspicion of neoplasic transformation
○ MA: Sen 96%, Spec 73% for differentiation of dz state (neoplastic vs not)
Can C-reactive protein be used to differentiate dogs with neoplastic transformation with Spirocercosis?
• 42 dogs with Spirocerca: C-reactive protein CANNOT be used to differentiate btwn benign and malignant transformation
○ C-reactive protein was increased in neoplastic and non-neoplastic compared to controls
○ Decreased in C-reactive protein in dogs with benign lesions once tx started
What hypovitaminosis has been noted in Spirocercosis dogs?
• 51 dogs with Spirocerca: Serum 25(OH) D concentrations were significantly different in neoplastic (lowest Vit D levels) vs non-neoplastic vx controls
○ Dogs had similar appetite scores
○ Hypovitaminosis D may place a role in malignant transformation
What is a growth factor that has been noted to be elevated in Spirocercosis in dogs and what is its use?
• 18 dogs with Spirocerca: Plasma and serum VEGF can be used to differentiate non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions
○ Median VEGF HIGHER in neoplastic spirocercosis than BOTH nonneoplastic and controls (about 69 pg/ml higher)
Based on whole mouth radiographs how do cats with chronic gingivostomatitis compared to other cats?
101 cats with FCGS compared to 101 cats with other oral dz: More widely distributed and severe periodonitis; higher prevalence of external inflammatory root resorption and retained roots compared to controls = Need full mouth rads in these patients
How does cisapride and metoclopramide affect LES pressures in dogs?
• 6 healthy beagles (cisapride, metoclopramide, placebo = 3X each) - LES pressure assessed with high resolution manometry catheter
○ Cisapride increase LES significantly compared to controls
○ Metoclopramide did NOT affect the LES resting pressures in dogs
In dogs with generalized megaesophagus what was assoiciated with a shorter survival time?
• 71 dogs with generalized megaesophagus: Radiographic evidence of aspiration pneumonia and age of onset of CS (>13 months) were significantly associated with shorter survival
○ MST: 90 days; 26.7% euthanized prior to d/c
What is recommended to prevent stress induced gastritis in sled dogs?
Omeprazole
• 36 sled dogs (famotidine vs no tx, endoscopy after race) - Famotidine reduced prevalence of clinically relevant exercise induced gastric lesions compared to no tx (duh!!)
• 52 sled dogs (famotidine high dose vs omeprazole) - Omeprazole was superior to famotidine in preventing gastritis = Recommended to prevent stress associated gastric disease in exercising/racing sled dogs
What happens in gastrin levels in healthy dogs that are administered famotidine for 14 days?
• 11 healthy dogs: After 14 days of famotidine, dogs have normal serum gastrin levels
○ Increased in gastrin on day 3 of administration but it returns to baseline
○ If dogs has clinical signs of gastrinoma, chronic famotidine administeration is unlikely to contribute to serum gastrin concentrations
What has been shown to improve reflux episodes under anesthesia in dogs?
• 6 healthy dogs undergoing sx (randomized placebo controlled study: Saline, esomeprazole, esomeprazole + cisapride) Esophageal pH/impedence probe to measure esophageal pH and detected GER
○ 38% placebo, 36% esomeprazole, and 11% esomeprazole+cisapride had >1 episode of GER during anesthesia
§ Esomeprazole significantly reduced gastric and esophageal pH, but no significant decreased in GER
○ Esomeprazole + cisapride = Significant decrease in # reflux events, compared to placebo and esomeprzole alone
What is a sufficient withdrawal time for omeprazole and famotidine if wanting to check gastrin levels?
7 days
• 9 healthy dogs: After 7 days omeprazole, there was significant increase in gastrin after first day and returned to baseline within 7 days of withdrawal
○ After 7 days of famotidine, at day 3 there was an increased in gastrin that then returned to baseline
○ 7 day withdrawal from short term famotidine and omeprazole is sufficient for serum gastrin to return to baseline
In patients with GDV, where is the gas dilation from?
NOT from areophagia (CO2 too high 13-20%) - 10 dogs
What was a good predictor of gastric necrosis and outcome in dogs with GDV?
○ Plasma lactate at admission was a good predictor of gastric necrosis and outcome (78 dogs)
§ Plasma lactate >7.4mmo/L: 82% accurate for predicting gastric necrosis (sen 50%, spec 88%), and 88% accurate for predicting outcome (sen 75%, spec 89%)
Base excess did correlate with lactate, BUT was NOT a good predictor of gastric necrosis or outcome
What does a previous splenectomy put dogs at risk for?
○ Increased odds of GDV (5.3X greater) in dogs with hx splenectomy compared to controls
§ Recommended prophylactic gastropexy!
In dogs with GDV, what resulted in decreased cardiac arrhythmias, AKI, and hospital length?
Early tx with lidocaine (bolus followed by CRI)
What is the prognosis for cats with gastric lymphoma?
○ Feline gastric LSA: 16 cats tx with chemo - 75% remission (mean duration 108 days)
§ Response to tx was prognostic (complete remission survived longer than partial remission)
Prior tx with steroids and stage NOT significant prognostic factors
What has been concluded about MMA and B12 in cats?
• Cobalamin def (MMA >1,343 nmol/l) occurred in 42% cats was predictive of cobalamin
In what breeds has Imerslund Grasbeck Syndrome been noted and what is it?
• Selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and proteinuria (Imerslund-Grasbeck Syndrome) in Juvenile Beagles
○ Failure to thrive, dyshematopoiesis (neutropenia), B12 def, methylmalonic aciduria, hyperammonemia, proteinuria
○ Lacked renal cubilin
○ Homozygous for deletion CUB exon 8 = 8 Autosomal recessive
○ More severe than Border Collies with CUBN defect, but similar to AMN mutations in Giant Schnauzers and Australian Shephards
In which breed of dog had Methylmalonic Aciduria in healthy dogs with normal B12 and others with CS of B12 def?
• Border collies with Hereditary B12 defs: Stunted growth, lethargy, anemia, proteinuria (normalized with B12 supplementation)
○ Methylmalonic Aciduria in healthy dogs with normal B12 and others with CS of B12 def => considered that dogs may have defect in intracellular processing of B12 or intestinal B12 malabsorption
What was the prevalence of hypoB12 and cellular hypoB12 in dogs with chronic GI dz?
• 56 dogs with chronic GI dz: Prevalence of hypoB12 36%, of these only 25% had increased MMA (suggesting that although hypoB12 was common that dogs did not always have B12 def at a cellular level)
○ No correlation btwn canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity indec and serum B12 or MMA!!
○ NOTE: HypoB12 is a risk factor for negative outcome in dogs with chronic GI dz
How does hyperT4 affect B12 levels in cats?
6 cats with moderate to severe hyperT4: 40.8% had hypoB12 compared to 25% controls - Suggesting that hypoB12 may directly or indirectly affect B12 uptake, excretion, or utilization
○ Weak negative correlation with B12 and T4 in hyperT4 cats
○ HypoB12 was not associated with an change in neutrophils or RBCs
In cats with GI signs, which disease resulted most commonly in concurrent hypoB12?
• 39 cats with GI signs: 28.2% had hypoB12
○ Alimentary LSA and most severe grade of histologic intestinal inflammation were associated most commonly with concurrent hypoB12
§ No significant correlation btwn B12 and histopath score or duration of CS
What disease should you screen for if a Border Collie has ambigous CS and proteinuria?
Hereditary juvenile cobalamin def
• Hereditary juvenile cobalamin deficiency in Border Collies: Intermittent lethargy, poor BCS, odynophagia, glossitis, bradyarrythmia, normocytic non-regenerative anemia, mild proteinuria ○ Low serum B12, marked methylmalonic aciduria, hyperhomocysteinemia § Full clinical recovery with B12 supplementation, Proteinuria and AST elevation persisted ○ Need to screen young Border Collies with ambigous CS (mean age 11.5 months)
What is ultrasound thickening of mucularis associated with in cats?
• Older cats with muscularis thickening are more likely to have T cell lymphoma than IBD
○ Associated with infiltrate in mucosal and submucosal layers
○ Lymphadenopathy is associated with lymphoma OR IBD
What is ultrasound lymphadenopathy in cats associated with?
Lymphoma OR IBD
compared to controls
How helpful is AUS in chronic vomiting dogs?
• Diagnostic utility of AUS in dogs with chronic vomiting was HIGH in 27% dogs (vital in 22.5%)
○ 68.5% - Same dx w/o AUS
○ Multivariant analysis: Increasing age, final dx of gastric adenocarcinoma or GI lymphoma associated with increased diagnostic utlity
What is recommended for performing endoscopy in cats with IBD vs LSA?
• Population of cats in which dx of Small cell lymphoma can ONLY be made in ileal bx
○ 18/70 cats (26%) had lymphoma
§ 39% Only in duodenum, 44% ONLY in ileum; 17% in both
○ Recommended performing upper and lower (ileal bx) in cats
What are the difference in fecal microflora in lean and obese dogs ?
• Obesity and fecal microflora in beagle dogs (7 obese and 7 lean)
○ Leptin higher in obese
○ CSF Adiponectin and 5HT higher in lean
○ Diversity of microbiota decreased in obese
§ Proteobacteria (76%) - Obese = May contribute to chronic inflammatory status
§ Firmicutes (85%) - Lean
What inflammatory prostaglandin is affects in IBD and FRD?
• COX-2 (inflammatory prostaglandin) and 5-Lipooxygenase (source of leukotrienes)
○ 15 control dogs, 10 IBD, 10 food responsive diarrhea (before and after tx)
○ COX-2 upregulated in IBD and FRD
§ Consider dual COX/5-LO inhibitors in chronic enteropathies in dogs
What is AST-120 and how can it be used?
• Randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind pilot study (10 dogs with chronic idiopathic entropathy) with AST-120 (spherical carbon adsorbent preparation with how adsorptive ability of LW substances)
○ Mean CIBDAI decreased in AST-120 group and in placebo group
○ Compared to baseline, post tx CIBDAI decreased >60% in 4/5 dogs with AST-120 compared to 1/5 dogs in placebo
○ No adverse effects of AST-120
○ AST-120 could be considered in mild to moderate chronic idiopathic enteropathy
What is known about NOD2 and NFkappaB in dogs with LP colitis?
• 19 dogs with LP colitis compared to controls (NOD2 triggering host response to bacteria by activating NFkappaB - Proinflammatory cytokine production)
○ NOD2 mRNA (63% higher) and NFkappaB activity (45% higher) significantly higher in inflammed colon in LP dogs compared to controls
No correlation btwn NOD2, NfkappaB and CIBDAV in LP colitis dogs
What is true about D-lactate in cats with GI disease?
00 cats with GI signs (31 cats had neurologic signs)
○ D-lactate was higher in cats with GI dz compared to healthy controls (can results in neurologic signs in humans)
§ D-lactate did NOT correlate with fPLI, fTLI, B12, folate, or Neurologic signs
§ More studies need to determine role of microbiota in GI dz in cats
○ L-lactate the same in all groups
What is important about dietary fat in cats with diarrhea?
• Randomized, double blind, controlled clinical trial (55 cats with diarrhea feed high fat or low fat diet for 6 wks, daily fecal scores)
○ Fecal scores improved significantly in 78.2% and over 1/3 had normal stool (noted 1wks, max at 3 wks)
○ No difference in response btwn diets = Dietary fat does not appear to affect outcome of diarrhea in cats
What is the difference in hydrolzyed vs intestinal diet in management of canine chronic enteropathy?
• Randomized, open-label, positively controlled trial (18 dogs on RC Hypoallergenic/Hydrolyzed and 8 dogs on RC Intestinal diet; compared at baseline, 3 months, 6-12 months, and 3 years)
○ Higher CIBDAI in hydrolyzed diet (even with randomization)
○ No difference at first recheck, significant improvement in hydrolyzed diet at second and third recheck (with a significant decreased in CIBDAI)
Suggested that hydrolyzed diet was high effective for long term management in chronic enteropathy in dogs
Is there a difference btwn prednisone and pred + metronidazole in the induction of dogs with IBD?
NO
• 54 dogs with IBD, Randomized study (oral prednsione OR pred + metronidazaole for 21 days; compared CIBDAI scores and serum C-reactive protein)
○ No difference in tx = Pred is just as effective as pred+metro for induction of IBD in dogs
○ CRP may be normal or increased in dogs with IBD (but did decreased with tx) - It could be used to monitor individual dogs response to tx
Can urinary leukotriene 4 be used to differentiate IBD from food responsive diarrhea in dogs?
NO!
• Urinary leukotriene 4 was significantly higher in IBD dogs compared to food responsive diarrhea and controls - Suggests cysteinyl leukotriene pathway activation might be a component of the inflammatory process in IBD
○ No difference btwn food responsive and controls in Urinary LTE4
○ No correlation of urinary LTE4 and CIBDAI
How is fecal, serum, and duodenal IgA affected in dogs with IBD?
• 37 dogs with IBD (10 dogs with intestinal LSA + controls; IgA and IgG in serum, feces, and duodenal samples)
○ Dogs with IBD had significantly decreased in IgA in feces and duodenal samples compared to controls; fewer IgA + peripheral blood mononuclear cells
○ Compared to intestinal LSA dogs, the duodenal IgA and IgA + cells were significantly lower in IBD dogs still
Duodenal B cell activating factor (BAFF) and proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) mRNA significantly higher in IBD than healthy controls
How did budesonide compared to prednisone for the induction of IBD in dogs?
• Double-blind, randomized controlled trial in 40 newly dx IBD dogs (budesonide 6 wks OR pred 2mg/kg 3 weeks then 1 mg/kg 3 wks; compared CIBDAI before and after tx)
○ No difference in remission rate (78% budesonide and 69% prednisone) or adverse events (sadly not less SE…BUT with PU/PD, but it was close to significant for these, lower in budesnoide group) btwn prednisone and budesnoide for induction of IBD in dogs
§ At 6 weeks the ALT was significantly higher in the prednisone dogs; higher albumin in budesonide group
What is known about Vitamin D in cats with IBD and small cell lymphoma?
Hypovitaminosis D is a problem (same as dogs and humans)
• 20 cats with IBD or Small Cell Lymphoma compared to 41 ill cats and 23 healthy cats = Lower serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D in cats with IBD/LSA than in healthy or hospitalized ill cats (BUT there was overlap) ○ Moderate positive correlation btwn albumin and Vit D concentrations (SAME as dogs and humans)
Can endoscopic bx be used in dogs for flow (lymphocyte analysis)?
YES! Same as full thickness bx
What was noted about the intraepithelial lymphocytes in dogs with IBD compared to controls?
• 10 dogs with IBD that had endoscopic and full thickness bx - NO difference in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes btwn sample types
○ Endoscopy bx are fine for flow!
○ IBD dogs had higher CIBDAI and WSAVA score than controls (GOOD!)
Increased % of TCR-gamma delta+ T cells in IBD dogs - Intraepithelial lymphocytes from IBD dogs express significantly different immunophenotype compared to control dogs
In dogs with PLE that are tx, what happens to their TEG results?
REMAIN hypercoagulable!
• 15 dogs with PLE assess with recalcified unactivated TEG) = ALL dogs were hypercoagulable on TEG (decreased R, decreased K, increased alpha, increased MA)
○ Did not appear to be related to severity of hypoalbuminemia
○ Antithombin borderline low - NOT solely attributed to hypercoag state
○ 9 dogs tx (improved CIBDAI scores and albumin) - STILL hypercoagulable!!
Can endoscopic appearance be used to make dx of intestinal lymphangectasia instead of histopath?
NO!! • 25 dogs with endoscopy (confirmed on histopath): Endoscopic duodenal mucosal appearance ALONE lacked spec (sen 68%, spec 42%) - White foci
○ If endoscopic images combined with biomarkers (lymphopenia, hypocholesterolemia, and hypoalbuminemia = Sen increased to 80%)
○ BUT with poor spec still NEED histopath
In Yorkies with PLE, what factors were associated with survival
VOMITING (esp if with monocytosis, severity of hypolabuminemia, low BUN, villous blunting)
In dogs with intestinal lymphangectasia that was NOT responding to pred or get hypoalbuminemia when pred taper, what has been shown to help?
Feeding fat restricted diet
What was associated with a worse outcome in boxers with granulomatous colitis?
• 14 Boxers: Antimicrobial resistance common in GC-associated E. coli = Need to culture BEFORE (do not use empirical wisdom)
○ Enrofloxacin tx before dx was associated with antimicrobial resistance in boxers and a WORSE OUTCOME
○ E. coli phylogroups similar with controls
○ GC had higher resistance (ampicillin, clavamox, cefoxitin, tetracycline, TMS, cipro, chloramphenicol) - (21-64% compared to 0-24%)
Which dog breed has a similar disease to Boxer granulomatous colitis?
• 6 French Bulldogs: Invasive E. coli with multifocal accumulations of PAS+ macrophages = Similar to boxer granulomatous colitis
○ All dos
What enteropathogens were noted in racing sled dogs?
• 135 racing sled dogs (before and after race) - High prevalence of diarrhea +hematochezia (36-57.5%), BUT not significantly associated with common enteropathogens (C. perfringens enterotoxin, C. difficile toxin A/B, Campylobacter, Salmonella (found in 71-78% before race), E.coli. Giardia, and Crytospordium spp)
○ Dogs more likely to be + for C. perfringens enterotoxin during race than before
In nospetic dogs with HGE did what did not help with clinical outcome?
• 53 dogs with HE (NOT septic): Blinded placebo controlled study (Clavamox for 7 days or placebo) = No significant difference in mortality rate, dropout rate (? Power analysis), duration of hospitalization, severity of CS (based on HE activity index - appetite, vomiting, stool consistency, freq, dehydration) btwn tx groups
What biomarked is severely decreased in parvo puppies but has no prognostic value?
• 61 puppies with parvoviral enteritis associated with severe decreased in plasma citrulline (marker of global enterocyte mass in humans) compared to age matched controls
○ BUT is NOT of any prognostic value
In dogs with PLE what may be more efficacious than azathioprine and prednisolone?
7 dogs with PLE (tx with azathioprine-prednisolone vs chlorambucil-prednislone - retrospective!! But groups were similar)
○ Albumin and weight grain significantly greater in chlormabucil group
○ MST in azathioprine: 30 days compared to the MST could not be determined for chlormabucil (they live so long!)
○ Suggests that chlorambucil-pred may be more efficacious in PLE compared to azath - pred
In cats that presented to the shelter which enteropathogen was associated with diarrhea?
• 100 cats at a shelter (50 w/ diarrhea and 50 w/o diarrhea) - Feline coronavirus significantly more prevalent in cats with diarrhea (58%) compared to controls (36%)
○ All others no associated with anything (C. perfringens enterotoxin A, Crytospordium, Giardia, Cystoisosopra, Hookworms, Ascardis, Salmonella, Atrovirus, Feline Panleukopenia virus, Calicivirus, Spirometra)
In dogs that presented to the shelter which enteropathogen was associated with diarrhea?
• 100 dogs at shelter (50 w/ diarrhea and 50 w/o diarrhea) - Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin A significantly more common in dogs with diarrhea (64%) compared to normal (40%) - also more likely to have >1 enteropathogen
○ All others no association with anything (Hookworms, Giardia, Crytospordium, whipworms, ascarids, Salmonella, Cystoisosopra, canine distemper virus, Dipyldium caninum, canine parvovirus, rotavirus
What could be considered a cheaper alternative in HGE dogs than IVF?
• 20 dogs with HE - 65% (13) voluntarily consumed oral electrolyte solution, 35% (7) refused it and needed IVF
○ PCV, total protein, and BUN significantly lower than hospital admin in OES group = Rehydration with OES was effective and safe (also LOTS cheaper for owner)
When parvo puppies were administered CPV immune plasma, what was the outcome?
• Randomized, double blinded placebo controlled clinical trial (14 dogs, 12 ml CPV immune plasma IV or saline IV)
○ No significant difference in CS, reducing viremia, neutrophil/monocyte counts, or days in hospital
Is there a difference btwn CPV-2b and CPV-2c in dogs?
NO! • 72 dogs with parvo: Fecal testing for antigen: 73.5% CPV-2c and 26.5% CPV-2b = No association btwn CPV strain and dz severity or clinical outcome
Diagnostics used could detect CPV type2c
What is true regarding pANCA and IBD vs GI LSA dogs?
04 dogs with IBD and 23 dogs with intestinal lymphoma - Circulating pANCA (perinuclear antineutrophilic cystoplasmic antibodies) present in some dogs with IBD (36.5%) and intestinal LSA (27.4%)
pANCA detection could NOT be used to distinguish dogs with IBD vs LSA
Which tight junction or apical junction protein is different btwn IBD dogs and controls?
○ In 12 IBD dogs: Claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -8 and β-catenin was not significantly different between duodonal mucosa samples from IBD vs controls
E-cadherin expression significantly LOWER in villus epithelium in duodenal mucosa from IBD vs controls = Suggested that decreased expression of E-cadherin has a role in the pathogenesis of IBD in dogs
In dogs that have cutaneous food hypersensitivity, what was seen in their intestine?
11 dogs with cutaneous food hypersensitivity: No change in T-cell phenotypes or a distinct Th1, Th2, or Treg profile was detected in duodenum of dogs with cutaneous CS of food hypersensitivity = Suggested that intestinal mucosa is not primary site of T-cell activation that eventually leads to cutaneous food hypersensitivity
What were the findings of using oseltamivir in dogs with parvo?
• Randomized, blinded, placebo controlled trial with oseltamivir: 35 dogs with parvo
○ Significant gain in weight and no drop in WBCs (as seen in controls) in tx group
No major adverse effects
Of the acute phase proteins, which has the potential to predict prognosis in dogs with parvo?
• 43 dogs with parvo (23 that died!) - Serum acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and albumin)
○ Serum C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin levels HIGHER; Albumin LOWER in parvo dogs compared to controls
○ In non-survivors: C reative protein and ceruloplasma HIGHER than survivors
§ C-reactive protein >92.4 mg/l could predict mortality (sen 91%)
How do vitamin D. PTH, and iCa compared in PLE vs IBD vs normal dogs?
• 12 PLE, 21 IBD, 49 hospitalized, 36 healthy dogs = Hypovitaminosis D state!
○ PLE dogs (IBD + hypoalbuminemia) frequently had ionized hypoCa, HIGH PTH, and low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations
§ Lower Vit D in PLE than all other groups
§ Higher PTH and lower iCa compared to hospitalized dogs
○ IBD dogs had positive correlation of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D and albumin
Which spp is more likely to have neoplasia with an intussuscpetion?
• Intussusceptions: Cats are older and more likely to have neoplasia compared to dogs that are more likely to have inflammatory disease
