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ACVIM Reading List > Kirks And Ettinger > Flashcards

Kirks And Ettinger Flashcards

1
Q

Which neoplasia can result in bilateral symmetrical alopecia?

A

Sertoli cell tumor

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2
Q

Guanidine contrast can be use to highlight which neoplasia?

A

Pheochromocytoma

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3
Q

Hypotension refractory to fluid resuscitation should make you think of what?

A

Circi

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4
Q

What are the 3 ways to diagnose CIRCI?

A
  • ACTH stimulation below references range
  • post ACTH cortisol < 5% basal
  • delta < 3
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5
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter can be seen in which 2 breeds?

A

Fox terrier and rat terrier

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6
Q

Which 2 breeds are predisposed to hypothyroidism?

A

Golden (as soon as 2 y/0) and Doberman

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7
Q

Which 2 breeds are predisposed to myxedema stupor?

A

Rottweiler and Doberman

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8
Q

Which thyroid hormone is the most protein bound?

A

T4

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9
Q

Which thyroid hormone results in renal artériole dilation?

A

T3

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methimazole?

A

Inhibit thyroid peroxidase ( delay of 2-4 weeks given the presence of preformed hormones)

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11
Q

Name 4 other anti thyroid medication?

A

1- propylthiouracil
2- carbimazole
3- b- blocker (inhibit conversion of T4 to T3)
- iopanoic acid

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12
Q

I-131 concentrate in thyroid gland and emits _____

A

B particles

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13
Q

What is the renal glucose threshold in dogs ?

A

180-220

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14
Q

What should the nadir be in dogs with DM ?

A

80-150

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15
Q

What is the best type of diet for cats with DM?

A

High proteins, low carbohydrates

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16
Q

Which protein stimulate endogenous insulin the most in cats?

A

Arginine

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of insulin associated with higher chances of remission?

A

Glargin

Detemir

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18
Q

why do diabetes results in neuropathy? in cataracts ?

A
  • Accumulation of fructose in nerves results in demyelination
  • Accumulationof sorbitol within the lens
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19
Q

Which ketones does dipstick measure?

A

acetone and acetoacetate

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20
Q

Why electrolytes are decrease in DKA ?

A

Potassium, phosphorus and magnesium

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21
Q

At which dose of insulin should we consider insulin resistance ?

A

1.5 UI/kg

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22
Q

What are the 3 diseases that results in severe insulin resistance ?

A

HAC, acromegaly and diestrus

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23
Q

What are the 2 etiologies of hypersomatotropism ?

A

Acidophilic hyperplasia and pituitary adenoma

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24
Q

In regards to testing for Cushing disease, ACTH stimulation is more ____ whereas LDDST is more ____

A

Specific

Sensitive

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of mitotane

A

Necrosis of the zona fasciculata and reticularis

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of trilostane ?

A

Competitive inhibitor of steroid synthesis by blockin 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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27
Q

Why drug can interact with trilostane ?

A

Spironolactone

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28
Q

Ectopic ACTH syndrome is associated with which 2 diseases ?

A

Lung carcinoma

Neuroendocrine tumors

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29
Q

Secondary hypoadrenocorticism results in atrophy of ____

A

the zone fasciulata

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30
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism results in hyperfunction of _____

A

zone glomerulosa

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31
Q

What is the medical management of hyperaldosteronism ?

A

Amlodipine, spironolactone and K+ supplementation

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32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of biphosphate ?

A

Binds to hydroxyapatite = reduce activity and number of osteoclasts

33
Q

What is the main function of magnesium ?

A

synthesis, degradation and stabilization of ATP

34
Q

What is the main reservoir of potassium ?

A

Skeletal muscles

35
Q

What is the main regulatory organ of potassium ?

36
Q

Who does hypokalemia affects the renal tubule ?

A

Decrease responsiveness to ADH

37
Q

How does niacin affect lipidemia ?

A

Reduce TG synthesis

38
Q

When do signs of hyposomatotropism are seen in cats ? dogs?

A

1-2 months

2-5 months

39
Q

Neoplastic transformation of acidophils in the anterior pituitary results in ___

A

Hypersomatotropism

40
Q

What is the medical treatment for hypersomatotropism?

A

pasireotide

41
Q

which dog breed is predisposed to acromegaly and pituitary dwarfism?

A

German Shepherd

42
Q

Pituitary dwarfism results in deficiencies of which 3 hormones ?

A

GH, TSH and prolactin and gonadotropin

ACTH is intact

43
Q

Which drugs can be use for GH stimulation ?

A

GHRH or alpha-adrenergic (xylazine)

44
Q

Which mutation can be detected in dogs with dwarfism?

45
Q

What treatment can be use for pituitary dwarfism in dogs ?

A

Porcine GH
Progestins
Thyroid supplements

46
Q

Which dog breed is predisposed to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Male siberian huskies (decreased binding activity)

47
Q

DDAVP is a _____

A

V2 receptor agonist

48
Q

What is the role of PTHrp

A

Calcium homeostasis in the fetus

49
Q

Why do hyperparathyroidism results in PU/PD

A

Calcium antagonizes effects of vasopressin

50
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is genetic in which breed

51
Q

What is the mechanism of action of biphosphonate?

A

Inhibits osteoclast

52
Q

Thyroid hormone synthesis is catalyzed by ___

A

enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

53
Q

which hormone promotes iodide trapping in thyroid?

54
Q

Where is the lesion associated with the 3 form of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Primary: thyroid gland
  • Secondary: pituitary gland
  • Tertiary: hypothalamus
55
Q

Which breed is predisposed to neuromuscular signs when affected by hypothyroidism?

56
Q

Exercise induced hyperkalemia can be related to which hormonal disease ?

A

Hypothyroidism

57
Q

Epiphyseal dysgenesis of veterbral bodies and long bones can be seen in which feline hormonal disease?

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

58
Q

Decrease afferent arteriolar resistance and increased hydrostatic pressure lead to _____

A

Increased glomerular filtration rate

59
Q

What stimulation test can be use to diagnosed hypothyroidism. In dogs ? In cats ?

A

TSH stimulation

T3 supression testing

60
Q

Thyroid carcinoma can originate from two types of cell. Which ones ?

A 
Follicular cells (most common): stain for thyroglobulin
Medullary cells (C cells): stain for calcitonin
61
Q

What hormones are stimulated in face of hypoglycemia?

A

Glucagon, cathecolamines, glucocorticoid, GH

62
Q

Which medical/chemotherapy can be use with insulinoma ?

A

Steptozocin; destroy beta cells in pancreatic or metastatic location

63
Q

which medication can help hypoglycemia when seen with insulinoma?

A

Prednisone
Diazoxide (inhibit closure of pancreatic beta cell ATP-dependant K+ channels = inhibit depolarization)
Octreotide (inhibit insulin secretion)

64
Q

Pre-diabetes condition in dogs correspond to ___

A

Loss of fast phase insulin response

65
Q

First-to-go insulin in dogs?

A

Intermediate acting (NPH, vetsulin)

66
Q

Which 2 insulin are slow-absorbed (peakless) ?

A

Detemir and glargine

67
Q

Which type of nephropathy is associated with diabetes?

A

Membranous glomerulonephropathy

68
Q

Why does a low carbohydrate diet increases the risks of remission in cats?

A

Reduces demand on pancreatic beta-cells to produce insulin

69
Q

CRH is inhibited by which 2 hormones ?

A

GC and somatostatin

70
Q

Which part of the anterior pituitary produce ACTH ?

A

Pars distalis

71
Q

LDDST with a V pattern is consistent with ___ hyperadrenocorticism

72
Q

Is PU/PD a feature of cats with HAC?

A

no, unless CKD or DM

73
Q

Progestin secreting tumor will results in

A

signs of cortisol excess with normal ACTH stimulation

74
Q

Gastrin release from gastrinoma can be induce with which 2 molecules?

A

Calcium and secretin

75
Q

Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine producing neuroendocrine tumor arising from ___ cells of the ___

A

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

76
Q

Cathecolamine are synthesize from which amino acid?

77
Q

Which contrast media should be use to detect adrenal tumors ?

A

Guanidine (non-ionic based)

78
Q

Which is the optimal diagnostic for pheochromocytoma?

A

urinary NMN to creatinine ratio or urinary cathecolamine

ACVIM Reading List (27 decks)

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