Kirks COPY Flashcards
Cyclophosphamide: mechanism of action
Alkylation of DNA during S phase = inhibit replication
Suppressed both T cell and Ab production
Cyclophosphamide: side effects
Alopécie, GI, myelosuppression, hemorrhagic cystitis
Azathioprine: mechanism of action
Purine analogue (inhibits purine synthesis)
Azathioprine side effected
Myelosuppression, liver and pancreatitis
Methotrexate: mechanism of action
Inhibition of folic acid reductase = Affect production of purines and pyrimidines (S phase)
IMHA: 2 types and their pathogenesis
Extravascular (splenic) = macrophages ans CD4 T
Intravascular (blood) = complement mediated
IMHA: negative prognosticators
Hyperbilirubinemia, Evans, leukocytosis, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated cytokines (IL-18)
Effects of steroids when use for IMHA
Decrease cytokines production, decrease phagocytosis, induce lymphocyte apoptosis
Which breeds have lower platelet count?
Cavalier King Charles and greyhound
4 mechanisms of thrombocytopenia
1) Decreased production of megakaryocytes
2) increased consumption/destruction
3) sequestration (splenic congestion, hepatomegaly, hypothermia, endotoxemia)
4) excessive loss
Breeds associates with ITP
German Shepherd, poodles, old English sheepdogs
Hereditary coagulation deficiency: prolonged PTT, normal PT
Intrinsic pathway ( VIII, IX, XI) Contact pathway (XII)
Hereditary coagulation deficiency
Prolonged PT, normal PTT
VII
Hereditary coagulation deficiency
Both PT and PTT prolongation
Common pathway ( II, V, X) Vitamin K
Vitamin K factors
II, VII, IX, X
Hereditary coagulation deficiency: all normal
vWB
Types of vonWillebrand
1) partial quantitative deficiencies 2A) loss of large multimers (German short haired and wirehaired) 3) complète deficiency Kooiker and scottish-terrier: heritable Shetland sheepdogs
Types of hemophilia
A) VIII
B) IX
Both are essential activator of X
Hemophilia affects which gender
Males
Autosomal factors deficiencies
-Fibrinogen
-VII ( interacts with tissue to initiate coagulation)
Beagles, Alaskan Klee kai, deerhounds, malamutes, cats
-XI
Kerry blue terriers, springer, cats
-XII (hagement)
Not clinical even with marked prolonged PT and PTT
Cats!
Plasma coagulation factors
1) FFP
2) cryoprecipitate
3) cryosupernatant
1) FFP All and vWB 2) cryoprecipitate VWD, fibrinogen, VIII 3) cryosupernatant II, VII, IX, XI
What is the main stimulus for thrombin formation in DIC
TF:factor VIIa
Which activates IX and X
Anticoagulants suppress in DIC ?
1-AT
Via increased consumption, increased degradation, decreased synthesis by liver and increased loss by capillaries permeability
2- Protein C:S
Pathogenesis of DIC
1) increased thrombin formation
2) suppression of anticoagulant
3) impaired fibrinolysis
4) activation of inflammatory pathway
Inflammatory pathway in DIC
TNF-a : factor VII
IL-1: factor VII
IL-6: factor XII
Peracute DIC lab changes
Decreases coagulation times
Acute DIC lab changes?
Increased coagulation times
Which factors are inactivated by heparin?
XII, XI, IX, X and thrombin
Virchow triad
Hyper coagulation
Vascular injury
Altered blood flow
Protection against thrombosis
1) thrombomodulin
Binds thrombin - activates C - combines with S - inactive V and VIII
2) plasminogen
Activates fibrinolysis
Causes of lymphocytosis in dogs
Lymphoproliferative disorders Thymoma Addison’s Erlichia Babesia
Pathogenesis and main differential for granular lymphocytosis ?
CD8 from the spleen
Erlichia
Which marker for B leukemia
CD21
Causes of lymphocytosis in cats
CLL Other lymphoproliferative disorders Methimazole Cushing IMHA Infection ( toxoplasmosis, FIV, FeLV)
Bone marrow aspirate results in
1) PRA
2) aplastic anemia
-PRA : nonregenerative anemia, increased M:E ratio
Dog: plasma cell hyperplasia, cats: lymphocytosis
-Aplastic anemia: lack of production of all cells = hypocellular marrow with fat
Causes of aplastic anemia
Cats: CKD, FeLV and methimazole
Dogs: TMS, fenbendazole and estrogen
Excess blast disorders associated with which condition in cats?
FeLV
What causes type B in cats?
Mutation in enzyme cytidine
Which type of anemia is associated with FeLV?
Nonregenerative macrocytic
What are the main sources of interleukins ?
Th lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages
IL-2 provides a proliferation signal that results in differentiation of which cells?
Th
What are the signature cytokines of Th1?
IL-2, INF-y and TNF-a
Which Interleukin is dominant into induction of Th1 cells?
IL-12
Which interleukin is a multifunctional cytokine with effects on variety of cellular targets (B cells, T cells, hematopoietic precursors)
Il-6
What is te cytokines profile of humoral response?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13
