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MICI1100 (health sciences microbiology) > respiratory infections > Flashcards

respiratory infections Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the common bacteria that cause respiratory infections?

A

S. pneumoniae
H. influnzae
M. catarrhalis
S. aureus
B. pertussis
S. pyogenes
M. tuberculosis

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2
Q

what are the atypical respiratory infection bacteria?

A

mycoplasma pneumonaie
chlamydia pneumoniae
legionella pneumophila

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3
Q

what makes atypical resp infection bacteria atypical?

A

because they are not susceptible to beta lactam antibiotics

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4
Q

why is Mycoplasma pneumoaie atypical?

A

they dont have a cell wall (which is the target of beta lactams)

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5
Q

why is Chlamydia pneumoniae atypical

A

they dont have bacterial cell wall (no peptidoglycan) which is the target of beta lactams

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6
Q

why is legionella pneumophila atypical?

A

it is intracellular (beta-lactams can’t get into the cell)

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7
Q

what is commonly used to culture respiratory infections?

A

sputum - it is graded off how little epithelial cells are in it (q0 to q3)

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8
Q

what are they types of pneumonia?

A

CAP (community acquired)
HAP (hospital acquired)
VAP (ventilator associated)

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9
Q

what does pnuemonia cause?

A

inflamed lungs - primarly the alveoli)

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of penumonia?

A

chest pain
shortness of breath
fever
dry/productive cough

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11
Q

what is pneumonia caused by?

A

strep pneumo

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12
Q

what is the most important virulence factor in strep pneumo?

A

the capsule

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13
Q

are everyone infected with strep pneumo sick?

A

no - it colonizes the nasopharynx of 5-10% of adults and 20-40% of kids

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14
Q

how do we protect against pneumonia?

A

Pneumovax (old - not well tolerated because it is a carbohydrate vaccine)
PREVNAR (new - protein conjugated vaccine)

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15
Q

who do we give pneumonia vaccines to?

A

give both to older adults
give PREVNAR to children to protect against pneumo meningitis

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16
Q

what is COPD?

A

umbrella term referring to progressive lung disease characterized by progressively worse breathlessness

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17
Q

what are some illnesses covered under COPD?

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis refractory asmtha

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18
Q

what is COPD usually caused by?

A

H. influenzae

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19
Q

what is H. influenzae?

A

causes COPD
g- bacillli that requires X and V factors to grow
can be encapsulated or not

20
Q

how can you grow H. influenzae?

A

on chocoalte agar or blood agar with S. aureus to break open RBCs

21
Q

what are the types of H. influenzae?

A

type b - encapsulated - vaccinated against - most severe illness
non-encapsulated - causes illnesses, not as severe

22
Q

how is COPD treated?

A

amoxicillin, or ammoxicillin-clavulanate (for the 18% of H. influenza that produce beta-lactams)

22
Q

what is Legionella pneumonphila

A

g- bacilli that is widespread in the environment and is usually harmless (except for immunocompromised)

23
Q

how does legionella pnuemophila grow?

A

needs L-cystein - on BYCE agar

24
Q

how do you detect legionella?

A

urine antigen test or culture on BYCE agar

25
Q

how do you treat legionella?

A

fluoroquinalones (or macrolides as an alternative)

26
Q

what bacteria do you not need to test susceptibility for?

A

legionella pneumo

27
Q

what is bordetella pertussis?

A

g- aerobic fastidious coccibacilli that causes whooping cough

28
Q

how do you grow B. pertussis?

A

on BG or RL medium

29
Q

how do you diagnose B. pertussis?

A

nasopharyngeal specimin/swab and PCR (or BG and RL culture)

30
Q

what are the stages of whooping cough?

A

catarrhal stage
paroxysmal stage
convalescent stage

31
Q

what is the incubation period of B. pertussis?

A

4-21 days, usually 7-10

32
Q

what happens in the catarrhal stage of whooping cough?

A

lasts 1-2 weeks
non-specific symptoms
(sneezing, mild cough, fever, etc)

33
Q

what happens in the paroxysmal stage of whooping cough?

A

lasts 1-6 weeks
paroxysmal cough (with the whoop sound)
posttussive committing, cyanosis, and exhaustion

34
Q

what happens in the convalscent stage of whooping cough?

A

lasts 2-3 weeks
symptoms gradually resolve

35
Q

what is the treatment for whooping cough?

A

macrolides

36
Q

what is bacterial pharyngitis caused by?

A

Primarily group A strep (strep. pyogenes)

37
Q

what is the treatment of bacterial pharyngitis?

A

Penicillin - they are never resistant pen or amoxicillin resistant (beta-hemolytic)

38
Q

what are the complications of bacterial pharyngitis?

A

rheumatic heart disease (preventable)
post-strep glomerulonephritis (not preventable)

39
Q

what does penicillin treatment do in bacterial pharyngitis?

A

shortens illness by 18-20 hours BUT prevents spread and rheumatic heart disease

40
Q

what is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

aerobic, very slow to grow, acid fast bacteria

41
Q

why is M. tuberculosis level 3?

A

because the infective dose is so low (less than 10 cells)

42
Q

how is tb transmitted?

A

through airborne droplets (talking, coughing, sneezing)

43
Q

what happens to people who come into contact with M. tuberculosis?

A

5% of people infected develop pulmonary tb
95% have dormant tb in lung tubercules (5% of these people will reactivate tb over their lifetime)
~2% form disseminated tb (from opening tubercle into bronchus or blood vessel erosion)

44
Q

how is tb tested?

A

2-step skin test where it is injected into skin

45
Q

what is a further test for tb after the skin test?

A

iferon gamma-release assay (IGRA)

MICI1100 (health sciences microbiology) (20 decks)

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