Childhood Viruses

Question 1

where is measles prevalent?

Answer 1

third-world countries with malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency

Question 2

how is measles spread?

Answer 2

airborne and replicates in the respiratory tract to form viremia
highly transmissible

Question 3

what are the symptoms of measles?

Answer 3

maculopapular rash (after two weeks)
fever and 3 C’s (cough, corzya, conjunctivitis
also - koplik spots

Question 4

what re common complications of measles?

Answer 4

otitis media
pneumonia
encephalitis
death :(

Question 5

when is measles communicable?

Answer 5

4 days after and 4 days before rash

Question 6

what is the measles vaccine?

Answer 6

live virus administrated with mumps and rubella (MMR) and with varicella (MMRV)
introduced in 1963 (and second dose in 1980)

Question 7

how is measles diagnosed?

Answer 7

IgM antibody levels

Question 8

what is rubella

Answer 8

“german measles”
less severe than measles

Question 9

how is rubella transmitted?

Answer 9

respiratory droplets or mom-fetus

Question 10

how severe is rubella?

Answer 10

often asymptomatic in children
adults may get mild arthirits
congenital is severe

Question 11

what are the main symptoms of rubella?

Answer 11

rash (within 2-3 weeks)
adenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)

Question 12

what does congenital rubella cause?

Answer 12

if within first 16 weeks:
cardiac abnormalities
cataracts
deafness
organ damage

Question 13

how is rubella diagnosed?

Answer 13

IgM antibodies

Question 14

what is erythema infectious?

Answer 14

“fifth disease”
very common
parvovirus B19

Question 15

how is erythema transmitted?

Answer 15

respiratory droplets or mom-fetus

Question 16

what does congenital erythema cause?

Answer 16

fetal abnormalities or miscarriage

Question 17

what are the symptoms of erythema?

Answer 17

“slapped cheek” facial rash
lacy pink rash on extremeties

Question 18

is there a vaccine for erythema?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

how is erythema diagnosed?

Answer 19

IgM antibodies

Question 20

how is mumps spread?

Answer 20

respiratory droplets and fomites

Question 21

what is the main symptom of mumps?

Answer 21

cheek/lymph node swelling (usually parotid gland)

Question 22

what are the complications of mumps?

Answer 22

orchitis (causes sterility in young men)
meningitis
encephalitis (rare)
pancreatitis (rare)

Question 23

how is mumps diagnosed?

Answer 23

urine test (PCR)
viral RNA in saliva

Question 24

what is the incubation period of mumps?

Answer 24

2-3 weeks

Question 25

what is cocksackieborius and echovirus?

Answer 25

cause hand foot and mouth disease
usually asymptomatic
spread fecal-oral
more common in summer-fall

Question 26

what is hand, foot, and mouth disease?

Answer 26

rash/lesions on hands feet and mouth
may develop into meningitis or myocarditis

Question 27

what is varicella zoster?

Answer 27

chicken pox (herpes)

Question 28

how is varicella spread?

Answer 28

airborne VERY infectious

Question 29

what are hte symptoms of varicella?

Answer 29

fever and generalized rash

Question 30

what is the incubation period/process of varicella?

Answer 30

11-13 days
replicates in throat and viremia spreads to skin (sometimes lungs/brain)

Question 31

how is varicella diagnosed?

Answer 31

symptom recognition
PCR
antibody measurement to check immunity

Question 32

how is varicella treated?

Answer 32

airborne precautions
acyclovir (if immune compromised or complications)

Question 33

what are complications of varicella?

Answer 33

adulthood
pneumonia
newborns w/ non-immune moms
CNS involvement
bacterial super-infection

Question 34

what is shingles?

Answer 34

reactivated version of latent varicella in dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia

Question 35

what happens in shingles?

Answer 35

inflammation of sensory nerves/ganglia with rash along dermatone

Question 36

what is the primary complication of shingles?

Answer 36

post-hermetic nueralgia

Question 37

how is varicella prevented?

Answer 37

chicken pox and shingles vaccine
VZIG post-exposure prophylaxis