Respiratory Failure

Question 1

is a sudden and life-threatening deterioration of the gas exchange function of the lungs and indicates their failure to provide adequate oxygenation or ventilation for the blood.

Answer 1

Respiratory failure

Question 2

Acute respiratory failure is defined as

Answer 2

Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia
Acidosis

Question 3

a decrease in arterial oxygen tension [PaO2] to less than 60 mm Hg

Answer 3

Respiratory Failure

Question 4

an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension [PaCO2] to greater than 50 mm Hg

Answer 4

Hypercapnia

Question 5

an arterial pH of less than 7.35

Answer 5

Acidosis

Question 6

is defined as deterioration in the gas exchange function of the lungs that has developed insidiously or has persisted for a long period after an episode of acute respiratory failure

Answer 6

Chronic respiratory failure

Question 7

Two causes of chronic respiratory failure

Answer 7

COPD and neuromuscular disease

Question 8

Imapaire in respi failure

Answer 8

ventilation or perfusion mechanisms

Question 9

Some of the many ventilatory failure mechanisms leading to acute respiratory failure include

Answer 9

impaired function of the central nervous system
neuromuscular dysfunction
musculoskeletal dysfunction
pulmonary dysfunction

Question 10

Oxygenation failure mechanisms leading to acute respiratory failure include

Answer 10

pneumonia
ARDS
heart failure
COPD
PE
and restrictive lung diseases

Question 11

Clinical manifestations

Answer 11

Early signs: restlessness, fatigue, headache, dyspnea, air hunger, tachycardia, and increased blood pressure
Hypoxemia progresses: confusion, lethargy, tachycardia, tachypnea, central cyanosis, diaphoresis, respiratory arrest
Physical findings: use of accessory muscles, decreased breath sounds

Question 12

Medical Management

Answer 12

Et intubation
Mechanical ventilation

Question 13

Nrsgs mgt

Answer 13

assisting with intubation
maintaining mechanical ventilation
Assess patient’s respiratory status
monitor ABG
Pulse ox and vs

Question 14

Endotracheal intubation

Answer 14

passing an ET tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea.

Question 15

is a surgical procedure in which an opening is made into the trachea

Answer 15

Tracheostomy

Question 16

is usually performed in the operating room under general anesthesia, where the patient’s ventilation can be well controlled and optimal aseptic technique can be maintained.

Answer 16

Tracheotomy

Question 17

be required to manage acute respiratory failure. It may also be indicated for a variety of other reasons including to: control the patient’s respirations during surgery or treatment, oxygenate the blood when the patient’s ventilatory efforts are inadequate, and rest the respiratory muscles.

Answer 17

Mechanical Ventilation

Question 18

is a positive- or negative-pressure breathing device that can maintain ventilation and oxygen delivery for a prolonged period.

Answer 18

Mechanical ventilator

Question 19

inflate the lungs by exerting positive pressure on the airway, pushing air in, similar to a bellows mechanism, and forcing the alveoli to expand during inspiration

Answer 19

Positive-Pressure Ventilators