CAD BOOK

Question 1

most prevalent type of cardiovascular disease in adults.

Answer 1

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 2

an abnormal accumulation of lipid, or fatty substances, and fibrous tissue in the lining of arterial blood vessel walls

Answer 2

Atherosclerosis

Question 3

These substances block and narrow the coronary vessels in a way that reduces blood flow to the myocardium.

Answer 3

Lipid, fatty substances and fibrous tissue

Question 4

involves a repetitious inflammatory response to injury of the artery wall and subsequent alteration in the structural and biochemical properties of the arterial walls

Answer 4

Atherosclerosis

Question 5

The inflammatory response involved with the development of atherosclerosis begins with injury to the–and progresses over many years

Answer 5

Vascular endothelium

Question 6

The injury may be initiated by

Answer 6

Smoking
Tohacco use
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia

Question 7

The endothelium undergoes changes and stops producing the

Answer 7

Normal antithrombotic
Vasodilating agents

Question 8

The macrophages ingest lipids, becoming –transport the lipids into the arterial wal

Answer 8

Foam cells

Question 9

also release biochemical substances that can further damage the endothelium by contributing to the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL

Answer 9

Activated macrophages

Question 10

is toxic to the endothelial cells and fuels progression of the atherosclerotic process

Answer 10

Oxidized LDL

Question 11

protrude into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing it and obstructing blood flow

Answer 11

Atheromas or plaques

Question 12

can resist the stress of blood flow and vessel movement

Answer 12

Thick plaque

Question 13

If the cap is thin and inflammation is ongoing, the lesion becomes what is called

Answer 13

Vulnerable plaque

Question 14

attracts platelets and causes thrombus formation

Answer 14

Ruptured plaque

Question 15

A thrombus may then obstruct blood flow, leading to – and cause—

Answer 15

ACS and MI

Question 16

Clinical manifestations

Answer 16

Ischemia
Angina pectoris
Epigastric distress
Pain radiates to jaw or left arm
indigestion, nausea, palpitations, and numbness

Question 17

This impediment to blood flow is usually progressive, causing an inadequate blood supply that deprives the cardiac muscle cells of oxygen needed for their survival. The condition is known as

Answer 17

Ischemia

Question 18

A decrease in blood supply from CAD may cause the heart to abruptly stop beating; this is known as

Answer 18

Sudden cardiac death

Question 19

The most common manifestation of myocardial ischemia is the

Answer 19

Onset of chest pain

Question 20

also known as bad cholesterol, is a well-known risk factor and the primary target of cholesterol-lowering therapy.

Answer 20

Elevated LDL

Question 21

People at the highest risk for having a cardiac event are those with known

Answer 21

CAD, diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, abd aortic aneurysm, carotid artery disease

Question 22

is a tool commonly used to estimate the risk for having a cardiac event within the next 10 years

Answer 22

Framingham Risk Calculator

Question 23

a cluster of metabolic abnormalities known as

Answer 23

Metabolic syndrome

Question 24

Non modifiable

Answer 24

Fam hx of CAD
Age
Gender
Race
Hx of premature menopause
Primary hypercholesterolemia

Question 25

Modifiable

Answer 25

Hyperlipidemia Tobacco use Hypertension Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome Obesity
Physical inactivity
Chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, HIV/AIDS) Chronic kidney disease

Question 26

are known to modify insulin action and contribute to atherogenic changes in the cardiovascular system

Answer 26

Asipokines, free fatty acids

Question 27

is known to be an inflammatory marker for cardiovascular risk, including acute coronary events and stroke

Answer 27

C reactive protein (CRP)

Question 28

Prevention

Answer 28

Controlling Cholesterol Abnormalities
*Dietary measures
*Physical Activity
*Medications
Promoting Cessation of Tobacco Use
Managing Hypertension
Controlling Diabetes

Question 29

Four elements of fat metabolism

Answer 29

Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides

Question 30

known to affect the development of heart disease

Answer 30

Fat metabolism

Question 31

Cholesterol is processed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into lipoprotein globules called

Answer 31

Chylomicrons

Question 32

Patients who have had an acute event of MI. require assessment of their LDL cholesterol level within a few months of the event or procedure, because LDL levels may be low immediately after the acute event or procedure

Answer 32

PCI
CABG

Question 33

lipids should be monitored every

Answer 33

4-12 wks an dthe 3-12 mos

Question 34

LDL cholesterol

Answer 34

less than 100 mg/dL

Question 35

Total cholesterol

Answer 35

less than 200 mg/dL

Question 36

HDL cholesterol

Answer 36

greater than 40 mg/dL for males and greater than 50 mg/dL for females

Question 37

Triglyceride

Answer 37

less than 150 mg/dL

Question 38

is also a clear predictor of coronary events.

Answer 38

total cholesterol level

Question 39

is made up of fatty acids and is transported through the blood by a lipoprotein.

Answer 39

Triglycerides

Question 40

Dietary measures

Answer 40

AHAs diet
Mediterranian
Plant foods
Limit sugar intake

Question 41

The label information of interest to a person attempting to eat a heart-healthy diet is as follows:

Answer 41

Serving size, amt of total fat per serving, amt of saturated fat, trans fat, amt of cholesterol and amt of fiber

Question 42

Physical Activity

Answer 42

elevated triglyceride level need wt reduction and increase PA
Aerobic act -150 per wk
Vigorous intensity aerobic act 75 minutesnper week
Muscle strength training 2 or more days a week

Question 43

Medications

Answer 43

Lipid-lowering medications
*HMG CoA statins, fibrates, resins, cholesterol inhibitors, PCSK9

Question 44

is known to accelerate the development of heart disease

Answer 44

Diabetes