COPD Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

is a preventable and treatable slowly progressive respiratory disease of airflow obstruction

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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2
Q

COPD involves

A

airways, pulmonary parenchyma, or both

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3
Q

parenchyma includes any form of lung tissue, including

A

Bronchioles, bronchi, blood vessels, interstitium and alveoli

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4
Q

Is copd reversible?

A

Irreversble, not fully reversible

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5
Q

Most patients with COPD present with overlapping signs and symptoms of _____ that can cause airflow obstruction

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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6
Q

Other diseases classified as COPD

A

cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchiectasis, and asthma

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7
Q

are the fourth leading cause of death for people of all ages in the United States

A

COPD and lower respiratory diseases

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8
Q

they are the third leading cause of death for people ages 65 and over

A

COPD and lower respiratory diseases

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9
Q

What age do COPD become symptomatic

A

Middle adult years, disease increases with age

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10
Q

COPD inflammatory response occurs throughout

A

Proximal airway and peripheral airway, and lung parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature

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11
Q

a disease of the airways, is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years.

A

Chronic bronchitis

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11
Q

imbalances of these substances in the lung may also contribute to airflow limitation

A

Proteinases and antiproteinases

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12
Q

play an important role in destroying foreign particles, including bacteria.

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange results from destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli.

A

Emphysema

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14
Q

is a pathologic term that describes an abnormal distention of the airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the alveoli

A

Emphysema

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15
Q

one of the complications of emphysema, is right-sided heart failure brought on by longterm high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

A

Cor pulmonale

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16
Q

high pressure in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle lead to back up of blood in the venous system, resulting in

A

dependent edema, distended neck veins, or pain in the region of the liver

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17
Q

two main types of emphysema, based on the changes taking place in the lung. Both may occur in same pt.

A

Panlobular (panacinar) and Centrilobular (centroacinar)

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18
Q

panlobular (panacinar) type of emphysema, there is destruction of the

A

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveolus

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19
Q

All airspaces within the lobule are essentially enlarged, but there is little inflammatory disease.

A

Panlobular (panacinar)

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20
Q

Typically occurs with panlobular emphysema

A

hyperinflated (hyperexpanded) chest, marked dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss

21
Q

Instead of being an involuntary passive act, expiration becomes active and requires muscular effort.

A

Panlobular emphysema

22
Q

pathologic changes take place mainly in the center of the secondary lobule, preserving the peripheral portions of the acinus

A

Centrilobular (centroacinar)

23
Q

the terminal airway unit where gas exchange occurs

A

Acinus

24
Q

Centroacinar emphysema has a derangement of ventilation–perfusion ratios, producing

A

chronic hypoxemia, hypercapnia, polycythemia and episodes of right-sided heart failure which leads to central cyanosis and respiratory failure. The patient also develops peripheral edema

25
Q

Risk factors for COPD include

A

environmental exposures and host factors

26
Q

The most important environmental risk factor for COPD worldwide is

A

cigarette smoking

27
Q

environmental risk factors

A

smoking other types of tobacco (e.g., pipes, cigars) and marijuana
Secondhand smoke
prolonged and intense exposure to occupational dusts and chemicals
indoor air pollution, and outdoor air pollution
electronic nicotine delivery systems
low socio economic status

28
Q

Host risk factors

A

person’s genetic makeup
* alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
*gene–environment interactions
Age

29
Q

depresses the activity of scavenger cells and affects the respiratory tract’s ciliary cleansing mechanism, which keeps breathing passages free of inhaled irritants, bacteria, and other foreign matter

A

Smoking

30
Q

irritates the goblet cells and mucous glands, causing an increased accumulation of mucus, which in turn produces more irritation, infection, and damage to the lung

A

Smoking

31
Q

by-product of smoking

A

Carbon monoxide

32
Q

a by-product of smoking combines with hemoglobin to form

A

carboxyhemoglobin

33
Q

an enzyme inhibitor that protects the lung parenchyma from injury. This deficiency may lead to lung and liver disease.

A

alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

34
Q

How many percent of people with COPD have been diagnosed with this deficiency

A

2%

35
Q

This deficiency predisposes young people to rapid development of lobular emphysema, even in the absence of smoking.

A

alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

36
Q

slows the progression of the disease, is available for patients with this genetic defect and for those with severe disease.

A

Alpha-protease inhibitor replacement therapy,

37
Q

often identified as a risk factor for COPD, but it is unclear whether is an independent risk or whether the risk is related to cumulative exposures to risks over time

A

Age

38
Q

at risk for increased patterns of exposure (indoor and outdoor pollutants, crowding, poor nutrition, infections, and increased smoking).

A

lower socioeconomic status

39
Q

three primary symptoms

A

chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea

40
Q

often precede the development of airflow limitation by many years.

A

Chronic cough and sputum production

41
Q

may be severe and interfere with the patient’s activities and quality of life. It is usually progressive, worse with exercise, and persistent.

A

Dyspnea

42
Q

is common, because dyspnea interferes with eating and the work of breathing is energy depleting

A

Weight loss

43
Q

This configuration results from a more fixed position of the ribs in the inspiratory position (due to hyperinflation) and from loss of lung elasticity

A

“barrel chest” thorax configuration

44
Q

systemic or extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD

A

musculoskeletal wastingmetabolic disturbances, and depression

45
Q

a frequent comorbidity that accompanies chronic debilitating illnesses

A

Depression

46
Q

are frequent comorbidities of COPD

A

depression, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes

47
Q

may ameliorate metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and depression may also deter the development of COPD

A

promote healthy eating and activity

48
Q

Cinical manifestations

A

chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea
Weight loss
Use of accessory muscles
Barrel chest
musculoskeletal wasting, metabolic disturbances, and depression
Diabetes

49
Q

are recruited in an effort to breathe as the work of breathing increases over time

A

Use of accessory muscles